Planting Trees on Kansas Prairies

Kansas always has been and always will be essentially a prairie state. But every year brings more convincing proof that her plains need not always remain treeless. Each planting season sees new effort put forth to beautify the Western Kansas homes and divest fhe plains of their traditional bleakness

Preaching Forestry To Farmers

Coming to us from a level-headed business man like Secretary of Agriculture, Henry C. Wallace, the following paragraphs, taken from an interview printed in a recent issue of the American Forestry Magazine, can hardly be labeled “calamity howling,” “propaganda,” or “theorizing.” They must be taken for the cold facts which they contain

Progress of Forestry Extension in Iowa

Interest and activity in forestry for Iowa is increasing definitely. A brief summary of last year\u27s forestry extension program appears something as follows

GMRT Observations of the 2006 outburst of the Nova RS Ophiuchi: First detection of emission at radio frequencies < 1.4 GHz

The first low radio frequency (<1.4 GHz) detection of the outburst of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi is presented in this letter. Radio emission was detected at 0.61 GHz on day 20 with a flux density of ~48 mJy and at 0.325 GHz on day 38 with a flux density of ~ 44 mJy. This is in contrast with the 1985 outburst when it was not detected at 0.327 GHz even on day 66. The emission at low radio frequencies is clearly non-thermal and is well-explained by a synchrotron spectrum of index alpha ~ -0.8 (S propto nu^alpha) suffering foreground absorption due to the pre-existing, ionized, warm, clumpy red giant wind. The absence of low frequency radio emission in 1985 and the earlier turn-on of the radio flux in the current outburst are interpreted as being due to higher foreground absorption in 1985 compared to that in 2006, suggesting that the overlying wind densities in 2006 are only ~30% of those in 1985.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Swift observations of the 2006 outburst of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi: III. X-ray spectral modelling

Following the Swift X-ray observations of the 2006 outburst of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi, we developed hydrodynamical models of mass ejection from which the forward shock velocities were used to estimate the ejecta mass and velocity. In order to further constrain our model parameters, here we present synthetic X-ray spectra from our hydrodynamical calculations which we compare to the Swift data. An extensive set of simulations was carried out to find a model which best fits the spectra up to 100 days after outburst. We find a good fit at high energies but require additional absorption to match the low energy emission. We estimate the ejecta mass to be in the range (2-5) x 10^{-7} solar masses and the ejection velocity to be greater than 6000 km/s (and probably closer to 10,000 km/s). We also find that estimates of shock velocity derived from gas temperatures via standard model fits to the X-ray spectra are much lower than the true shock velocities.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in Ap

Super-Extremal Spinning Black Holes via Accretion

A Kerr black hole with mass $M$ and angular momentum $J$ satisfies the extremality inequality $|J| \le M^2$. In the presence of matter and/or gravitational radiation, this bound needs to be reformulated in terms of local measurements of the mass and the angular momentum directly associated with the black hole. The isolated and dynamical horizon framework provides such quasi-local characterization of black hole mass and angular momentum. With this framework, it is possible in axisymmetry to reformulate the extremality limit as $|J| \le 2\,M_H^2$, with $M_H$ the irreducible mass of the black hole computed from its apparent horizon area and $J$ obtained using approximate rotational Killing vectors on the apparent horizon. The $|J| \le 2\,M_H^2$ condition is also equivalent to requiring a non-negative black hole surface gravity. We present numerical experiments of an accreting black hole that temporarily violates this extremality inequality. The initial configuration consists of a single, rotating black hole surrounded by a thick, shell cloud of negative energy density. For these numerical experiments, we introduce a new matter-without-matter evolution method.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure