Monitoring der Mobilisierung CD34+-hämatopoetischer Stammzellen mit G-CSF bei pädiatrisch-onkologischen Patienten vor autologer Stammzelltransplantation

Die autologe Transplantation von hämatopoetischen Stammzellen im Rahmen einer Hochdosis-Chemotherapie hat sich inzwischen bei der Behandlung von Tumoren im Kindesalter etabliert. Dabei blieb der optimale Zeitpunkt der Apherese von der CD34+ hämatopoetischen Stammzellen im peripheren Blut der Kinder, bezogen auf die Stunden am Tag der geplanten Stammzellsammlung, bisher unbeleuchtet. Insbesondere für pädiatrische Patienten liegen keine Untersuchungen zur dieser Problematik vor, deren Lösung jedoch den Erfolg einer Stammzellapherese verbessern könnte. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war es, die Mobilisierung der CD34+ Stammzellen im peripheren Blut unter dem Einfluß von G-CSF(Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor) in Form eines klinischen Monitoring darzustellen. Dies erfolgte mit Hilfe der durchflusszytometrischen Messung CD45+/CD34+ Zellen aus dem peripheren Blut der Patienten nach G-CSF-Stimulation mit regelmäßigen Blutentnahmen über einen Zeitraum von 12 Stunden. Untersucht wurden 14 Patienten der Klinik III der Universitäts-Kinderklinik Frankfurt mit unterschiedlichen malignen Erkrankungen (8x Neuroblastom, 2x Osteosarkom, NHL, PNET, Ewing-Sarkom, RMS). Dabei wurden im Abstand von 0,2,4,5,6,7,8,10 und 12 Stunden nach einer subcutanen G-CSF-Gabe (Dosis 4,8 bis 10,2 mikrog/kg/d) EDTA-Blutproben über einen zentralen Venenkatheder entnommen, und daraus ein automatisches Blutbild sowie eine durchflusszytometrische Bestimmung der Konzentration an CD34/45 positiven Zellen durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe dieser Bestimmung konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die CD34/45 positiven Zellen über die 12 Stunden des Beobachtungszeitraumes individuell unterschiedliche Verläufen bieten. Zudem konnten alle Patienten zwei unterschiedlichen Initialkinetiken - den Mobilisierungstypen I und II - zugeordnet werden, welche sich durch einen initialen Anstieg bzw. einen initialen Abfall der CD34+ Zellkonzentration unterscheiden. Der optimale Zeitpunkt der Apherese – repräsentiert durch ein CD34+ Zellkonzentrationsmaximum im peripheren Blut - konnte für das untersuchte Patientenkollektiv mit ca. 8 Stunden nach G-CSF Bolus beschrieben werden. Dabei konnte weder der Verlauf der Gesamtleukozyten noch andere hämatologische Parameter aufgrund eines signifikant ähnlichen Verlaufes als Indikator für den Verlauf der CD34+ Zellmobilisierung genutzt werden. Signifikanten Hinweise auf Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Verlauf der C34+ Zellmobilisierung und den Grunderkrankungen, dem Alter, dem Geschlecht oder der Mobilisierungsart gab es nicht. Es stelle sich jedoch Eine Tendenz zur Mobilisierung vom Typ I bei Kindern unter 3 Jahren dar. Eine Optimierung der Stammzellapherese kann durch zusätzliche CD34+ Zellkonzentrationsbestimmungen erwartet werden, die Aufschluss über den Mobilisierungstyp geben uns somit helfen, den optimalen Sammelzeitpunkt zu bestimmen. Messungen zum Zeitpunkt 0,2 und 8 Stunden nach G-CSF-Bolus erscheinen als besonders aufschlussreich. Durch Beachtung der Maximal- und Minimalkonzentrationen der individuellen Verläufe können Apheresen zu optimalen Zeitpunkten durchgeführt werden, was zu einer Verbesserung der Aphereseausbeute und damit zu einer Senkung der Belastungen und Risiken für den Patienten führen. Die hier untersuchte, sehr inhomogene und zahlenmäßig kleine Patientengruppe hat jedoch auch gezeigt, dass größere Studien mit mehr Patienten notwendig sind, um statistisch signifikante Aussagen treffen zu können.Autologous stem cell transplantation following high-dose chemotherapie has become an well estabished procedure in treatment of childhood malignancies. The optimum timing of apheresis of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells – regarding to the hours on the day of apheresis, has not yet been found. Especially in childhood maligancies, solutions to optimize the timing of stem cell apheresis have to be found to reduce burdens and risks for the patients. Aim of this study was to performe a clinical CD34+ stem cell monitoring in the peripheral blood to dedesribe the influence of G-CSF (Granulocyte-Coloncy Stimulating Factor) on stem cell mobilization kinetics. The monitoring was performed by flowcytometric measurement of CD45+/CD34+ double positive cells in the peripheral blood of patients after, lasting 12 hours after a subcutanouse bolus of GCSF. The monitoring included 14 patients of Clinic III of the University Children Hospital Frankfurt with different malignant diseases (8x Neuroblastoma, 2x osteosarcoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, PNET, Ewing sarcoma, RMS). EDTA Blood samples for automatic blood cell count and flowcytometric CD45/34+ cell measurement were collected at 0,2,4,5,6,7,8,10 und 12 hours after subcutanouse GCSF-bolus (doses of 4,8 bis 10,2 microg/kg/d). Although varying individual kinetics of CD45/34+ cells within 12 hours of monitoring were detected in all patients, two basic tendendcies were found for mobilization kinetics: patients with initial increase of CD34+ cell concentration (pattern of mobilization I, POM I), and patients with initial decrease of CD34+ cell concentration (pattern of mobilization II, POM II). Optimum timing for apheresis – showing highest average CD34+ cell concentration - for this foreteen patients was about 8 hours afterG-CSF-Bolus. Analysing leukocyte cell count and other hematological parameters, no significant prediction parameter for CD34+ cell mobilization and increase could be detected. No significant significant correlations between CD34+ mobilization kinetic and malignant disease, age, sex of patient or kind of mobilization was found. As a tendency, children below the age of 3 years did all show a POM I. Optimization of stem cell apheresis can be expected after aditionally CD34+ stem cell concentration measurements to register the patter of mobliziation, finding an optimum time for apheresis. Mesaurement at 0,2 and 8 hours after G-CSF bolus seem to help predicting the pattern of mobilization. Therefore, finding maximum and minimum concentration in patients mobilization kinetic could result in higher yield of apheresis and a reduction of stress and risks for the patients. Anyway, other studies with a lager, less inhomogenous group of patients are need to show statistically significant results

Liposomal amphotericin B twice weekly as antifungal prophylaxis in paediatric haematological malignancy patients

AbstractData on antifungal prophylaxis in paediatric cancer patients at high risk for invasive fungal disease (IFD) are scant. Intermittent administration of liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB) has been shown to be safe and effective in adult patients with haematological malignancies. We prospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of prophylactic LAMB at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg twice weekly in children at high risk for IFD. Efficacy was compared with that in a historical control group of patients with similar demographic characteristics not receiving LAMB prophylaxis. A total of 46 high-risk patients (24 boys; mean age, 7.7 years) with 187 episodes of antifungal prophylaxis were analysed. The median duration of neutropenia (<500/µL) was 10 days. LAMB was discontinued in four patients because of acute allergic reactions. Median values for creatinine and liver enzymes at end of treatment did not differ significantly from those at baseline. Hypokalaemia (<3.0 mmol/L) occurred with 13.5% of the prophylactic episodes, but was usually mild and always reversible. No proven/probable IFD occurred in patients receiving LAMB prophylaxis. In comparison, five proven and two probable IFDs were observed in 45 historical controls not receiving LAMB prophylaxis (p 0.01). LAMB prophylaxis had no impact on the use of empirical antifungal therapy. Systemic antifungal prophylaxis with LAMB 2.5 mg/kg twice weekly is feasible and safe, and seems to be an effective approach for antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk paediatric cancer patients

`Whose Shoes?` Can an educational board game engage Ugandan men in pregnancy and childbirth?

Background Men can play a significant role in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality in low-income countries. Maternal health programmes are increasingly looking for innovative interventions to engage men to help improve health outcomes for pregnant women. Educational board games offer a unique approach to present health information where learning is reinforced through group discussions supporting peer-to-peer interactions. Methods A qualitative study with men from Uganda currently living in the UK on their views of an educational board game. Men were purposively sampled to play a board game and participate in a focus group discussion. The pilot study explored perceptions on whether a board game was relevant as a health promotional tool in maternal health prior to implementation in Uganda. Results The results of the pilot study were promising; participants reported the use of visual aids and messages were easy to understand and enhanced change in perspective. Men in this study were receptive on the use of board games as a health promotional tool and recommended its use in rural Uganda. Conclusions This study provides preliminary data on the relevancy and efficacy of using board games in maternal health. Key messages from the focus group appeared to be that the board game is more than acceptable to fathers and that it needs to be adapted to the local context to make it suitable for men in rural Uganda

Antimicrobial use in pediatric oncology and hematology in Germany and Austria, 2020/2021: a cross-sectional, multi-center point-prevalence study with a multi-step qualitative adjudication process

Background Due to the high risk of severe infection among pediatric hematology and oncology patients, antimicrobial use is particularly high. With our study, we quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated, based on institutional standards and national guidelines, antimicrobial usage by employing a point-prevalence survey with a multi-step, expert panel approach. We analyzed reasons for inappropriate antimicrobial usage. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at 30 pediatric hematology and oncology centers in 2020 and 2021. Centers affiliated to the German Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology were invited to join, and an existing institutional standard was a prerequisite to participate. We included hematologic/oncologic inpatients under 19 years old, who had a systemic antimicrobial treatment on the day of the point prevalence survey. In addition to a one-day, point-prevalence survey, external experts individually assessed the appropriateness of each therapy. This step was followed by an expert panel adjudication based upon the participating centers’ institutional standards, as well as upon national guidelines. We analyzed antimicrobial prevalence rate, along with the rate of appropriate, inappropriate, and indeterminate antimicrobial therapies with regard to institutional and national guidelines. We compared the results of academic and non-academic centers, and performed a multinomial logistic regression using center- and patient-related data to identify variables that predict inappropriate therapy. Findings At the time of the study, a total of 342 patients were hospitalized at 30 hospitals, of whom 320 were included for the calculation of the antimicrobial prevalence rate. The overall antimicrobial prevalence rate was 44.4% (142/320; range 11.1–78.6%) with a median antimicrobial prevalence rate per center of 44.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 35.9–49.9). Antimicrobial prevalence rate was significantly higher (p < 0.001) at academic centers (median 50.0%; 95% CI 41.2–55.2) compared to non-academic centers (median 20.0%; 95% CI 11.0–32.4). After expert panel adjudication, 33.8% (48/142) of all therapies were labelled inappropriate based upon institutional standards, with a higher rate (47.9% [68/142]) when national guidelines were taken into consideration. The most frequent reasons for inappropriate therapy were incorrect dosage (26.2% [37/141]) and (de-)escalation/spectrum-related errors (20.6% [29/141]). Multinomial, logistic regression yielded the number of antimicrobial drugs (odds ratio, OR, 3.13, 95% CI 1.76–5.54, p < 0.001), the diagnosis febrile neutropenia (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.06–0.51, p = 0.0015), and an existing pediatric antimicrobial stewardship program (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.15–0.84, p = 0.019) as predictors of inappropriate therapy. Our analysis revealed no evidence of a difference between academic and non-academic centers regarding appropriate usage. Interpretation Our study revealed there to be high levels of antimicrobial usage at German and Austrian pediatric oncology and hematology centers with a significant higher number at academic centers. Incorrect dosing was shown to be the most frequent reason for inappropriate usage. Diagnosis of febrile neutropenia and antimicrobial stewardship programs were associated with a lower likelihood of inappropriate therapy. These findings suggest the importance of febrile neutropenia guidelines and guidelines compliance, as well as the need for regular antibiotic stewardship counselling at pediatric oncology and hematology centers. Funding European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene, Stiftung Kreissparkasse Saarbrücken

Diagnostic Approaches for Invasive Aspergillosis—Specific Considerations in the Pediatric Population

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with hematological malignancies and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Similar to immunocompromised adults, clinical signs, and symptoms of IA are unspecific in the pediatric patient population. As early diagnosis and prompt treatment of IA is associated with better outcome, imaging and non-invasive antigen-based such as galactomannan or ß-D-glucan and molecular biomarkers in peripheral blood may facilitate institution and choice of antifungal compounds and guide duration of therapy. In patients in whom imaging studies suggest IA or another mold infection, invasive diagnostics such as bronchoalveolar lavage and/or bioptic procedures should be considered. Here we review the current data of diagnostic approaches for IA in the pediatric setting and highlight the major differences of performance and clinical utility of the tests between children and adults

Diagnostic Approaches for Invasive Aspergillosis—Specific Considerations in the Pediatric Population

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with hematological malignancies and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Similar to immunocompromised adults, clinical signs, and symptoms of IA are unspecific in the pediatric patient population. As early diagnosis and prompt treatment of IA is associated with better outcome, imaging and non-invasive antigen-based such as galactomannan or ß-D-glucan and molecular biomarkers in peripheral blood may facilitate institution and choice of antifungal compounds and guide duration of therapy. In patients in whom imaging studies suggest IA or another mold infection, invasive diagnostics such as bronchoalveolar lavage and/or bioptic procedures should be considered. Here we review the current data of diagnostic approaches for IA in the pediatric setting and highlight the major differences of performance and clinical utility of the tests between children and adults

Central nervous system mold infections in children with hematological malignancies: advances in diagnosis and treatment

The incidence of invasive mold disease (IMD) has significantly increased over the last decades, and IMD of the central nervous system (CNS) is a particularly severe form of this infection. Solid data on the incidence of CNS IMD in the pediatric setting are lacking, in which Aspergillus spp. is the most prevalent pathogen, followed by mucorales. CNS IMD is difficult to diagnose, and although imaging tools such as magnetic resonance imaging have considerably improved, these techniques are still unspecific. As microscopy and culture have a low sensitivity, non-culture-based assays such as the detection of fungal antigens (e.g., galactomannan or beta-D-glucan) or the detection of fungal nucleic acids by molecular assays need to be validated in children with suspected CNS IMD. New and potent antifungal compounds helped to improve outcome of CNS IMD, but not all agents are approved for children and a pediatric dosage has not been established. Therefore, studies have to rapidly evaluate dosage, safety and efficacy of antifungal compounds in the pediatric setting. This review will summarize the current knowledge on diagnostic tools and on the management of CNS IMD with a focus on pediatric patients