On maximal ideals in certain reduced twisted C*-crossed products

We consider a twisted action of a discrete group G on a unital C*-algebra A and give conditions ensuring that there is a bijective correspondence between the maximal invariant ideals of A and the maximal ideals in the associated reduced C*-crossed product.Comment: 26 page

Analysis of Forest Fire Camages in Natura 2000 Sites During the 2007 Fire Season

This report presents the assessment of the damages caused by the forest fires in the EU Mediterranean countries (Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain) during the fire season of 2007, with special emphasis on the impact of these fires in Natura 2000 sites. It presents an overall short summary for the whole region and a detail analysis for each of the EU Mediterranean countries. For each country the report describes the tendency in the areas burnt by fires in the country during the last 27 years using the EU Fire database of the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS); in the case of Cyprus the report is limited to the last 8 years. Maps of burnt areas obtained through the processing of satellite imagery in EFFIS are presented next to the list of Natura 2000 sites affected by the fires. Lastly, the report includes the list of plant and animal species of special interest in the Natura 2000 that were likely affected by the forest fires.JRC.H.7-Land management and natural hazard

Forest Fire Damage in Natura 2000 sites 2000-2012

Forest fires are a threat for the forest and natural areas in Europe. Over 65 000 fires take place every year in the European Union, burning, on average, half a million hectares of the European landscape. Economic losses due to forest fires in the European Union territory are estimated in over 2 billion Euro every year. Areas protected under the Natura 2000 scheme are no exception to the damage caused by forest fires. Every year, approximately 80 000 ha are burned within the Natura 2000 sites. In the study period of this report, between the years 2000 and 2012, 1 044 917 ha of Natura 2000 protected areas were burnt, corresponding to 3.28% of the total Natura 2000 area in the affected countries. The environmental and economic damage of these fires is difficult to estimate, since often fires affect protected and endangered species living in these protected habitats. The current report analyses the impact of forest fires in Natura 2000 sites during the period 2000 to 2012. Special emphasis is put on the analysis of damages caused by large fires in the EU Mediterranean region, where most of these fires occur.JRC.H.3-Forest Resources and Climat

Forest Fires in Europe 2006

This is the seventh Forest Fires in Europe report published by the European Commission. The report is normally published in summer of the following year in order to allow the different countries to compile official statistics of the fire season regarding the total number of forest fires and burned area. The fire season of 2006 can be defined as a relatively mild season, and if the total number of fires was still relatively high, the total burned area was definitely well below the average. In general there were not many extreme fire events and only the large fires that devastated Galicia (Spain) in the first two weeks of August, were object of great concern. The Forest Fires in Europe 2006 report describes the latest developments in terms of support to forest fires fire prevention activities in the European Union, presents historical statistics in terms of number of fires and burned area, and describes the fire season in each of the contributing countries as well as the results from the European Forest Fire Information System: EFFIS Danger Forecast, that provides daily the 1, 2, and 3 day fire danger forecasts, EFFIS Rapid Damage Assessment, that performs the mapping and evaluation of land cover damages caused by fires of at least 50 ha, and includes also a summary of the impact of forest fires in Natura2000 areas in Galicia, Spain, in 2006.JRC.H.7-Land management and natural hazard

Forest Fires in Europe 2007

The long time series of forest fire data available for these 5 southern countries (Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Greece) justifies a separate analysis as it has been the case in previous reports. During 2007, fires in these 5 countries burned a total are of 574 361 hectares, which is well above the average for the last 28 years. On the other hand, the number of fires that occured (42 259) is below the average for the last 28 years (see Table 1 for details). Figure 1a shows the total burnt area per year in the five Southern Member States since 1980. The statistics vary considerably from one year to the next, which clearly indicates how much the burnt area depends on seasonal metereological conditions.JRC.H.7-Land management and natural hazard

Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2011

This is the 12th “Forest Fires in Europe” report published by the European Commission. The area covered by the report has been enlarged to include also Middle East and North Africa countries, thus also the title of the report has been changed accordingly. The report contains a summary of the 2011 fire season in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa with official statistics on the number of fires and burnt areas compiled by the contributing countries. In addition to country reports with a summary of the past fire season provided by the countries, the report Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa informs about the latest developments in terms of forest fire prevention and initiatives of the European Commission to support forest fires fire protection activities in the European Union. Furthermore it provides the results of the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) operating during the fire season, with special emphasis on the EFFIS Danger Forecast, providing daily maps of meteorological fire danger forecast of EU, and the EFFIS Rapid Damage Assessment, performing the daily mapping and assessment of main land cover and Natura2000 areas affected by fires of at least 40 ha during the fire season..JRC.H.3-Forest Resources and Climat

Forest Fires in Europe 2009

When huge parts of nature are burning as a result of a combination of weather conditions, fuel accumulation, and human intervention and this becomes a recurrent issue, we should find ways together to counteract. This is particularly true as regards protected forest areas for which so many efforts have been undertaken by the Member States with EU support, especially for protecting biodiversity-rich land. The present report is the tenth of the series and is based on the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) which delivers, inter alia, all the data needed to forecast forest fire danger in Europe, to assess the damages caused by forest fires and to analyze their causes. The development of EFFIS has been supported by the Commissioners in charge of Environment and Research through the close collaboration of the Directorate General Environment and the Joint Research Centre. EFFIS has become a vehicle to further support the ¿forest fire community¿ in the Member States. The system is an example of how Member States and the Commission can work together on a purely voluntary basis and we would like to thank the competent national authorities for their active contribution. The year 2009 is subject of the present report. 2009 has been a rather unspectacular year as regards forest fire damages in Europe. Despite this, and recognizing the relevance of the forest fire issue, during that period several Commission services were again involved in promoting EU actions aiming at mitigating damages caused by forest fires to human beings and the environment. New initiatives have been taken focusing on an enhanced forest fire prevention and on adapting our forests to challenges resulting from climate change. In these fields, the European Council issued two Council conclusions on ¿forest fires prevention¿ and ¿preparing our forest to climate change¿ during the first semester of 2010, the Commission adopted the ¿Green Paper on forest protection and information¿ and the Parliament took initiatives in the field of forest fire prevention. The Commission recognizes and appreciates the active involvement of the Member States and hope that further common ground can be found to safeguard European forests which are an essential element of our cultural heritage. The Commission services working in the field of forest fires count on the support of all Member States, including those for which forest fires are not yet a priority. The collaboration of all involved services in the EU and the Member States will help in finding ways and efficient solutions to avoid burning land with all its negative consequences on our environment.JRC.DDG.H.7-Land management and natural hazard

Forest Fires in Europe 2010

This is the 11th “Forest Fires in Europe” report published by the European Commission. The report contains a summary of the 2010 fire season in Europe, with official statistics on number of fires and burned areas compiled by the contributing countries. In addition to country reports with a summary of the past fire season provided by the countries, the report Forest Fires in Europe informs about the latest developments in terms of forest fire prevention and initiatives of the European Commission to support forest fires fire protection activities in the European Union. Furthermore it provides the results of the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) operating during the fire season, with special emphasis on the EFFIS Danger Forecast, providing daily maps of meteorological fire danger forecast of EU, and the EFFIS Rapid Damage Assessment, performing the daily mapping and assessment of main land cover and Natura2000 areas affected by fires of at least 40 ha during the fire season.JRC.DDG.H.7-Land management and natural hazard

Forest Fires in Europe Middle East and North Africa 2013

This is the 14th “Forest Fires in Europe” report published by the European Commission. The report contains a summary of the 2013 fire season in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa with official statistics on the number of fires and burnt areas compiled by the contributing countries. In addition to country reports with a summary of the past fire season provided by the countries, the report Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa informs about the latest developments in terms of forest fire prevention and initiatives of the European Commission to support forest fires fire protection activities in the European Union. Furthermore it provides the results of the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) operating during the fire season, with special emphasis on the EFFIS Danger Forecast, providing daily maps of meteorological fire danger forecast of EU, and the EFFIS Rapid Damage Assessment, performing the daily mapping and assessment of main land cover and Natura2000 areas affected by fires of at least 40 ha during the fire season.JRC.H.3-Forest Resources and Climat

Forest Fires in Europe 2008

This is the ninth -Forest Fires in Europe- report published by the European Commission. The report contains a summary of the 2008 fire season in Europe, with official statistics on number of fires and burned areas compiled by the contributing countries. In addition to country reports with a summary of the past fire season provided by the countries, the report Forest Fires in Europe informs about the latest developments in terms of forest fire prevention and initiatives of the European Commission to support forest fires fire protection activities in the European Union. Furthermore it provides the results of the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) operating during the fire season, with special emphasis on the EFFIS Danger Forecast, providing daily maps of meteorological fire danger forecast of EU, and the EFFIS Rapid Damage Assessment, performing the daily mapping and assessment of main land cover and Natura2000 areas affected by fires of at least 50 ha during the fire season.JRC.H.7-Land management and natural hazard