Polylactide Used as Filment in 3D Printing – Part 1: FTIR, DRIFT and TG-DTG Studies

A short literature review was undertaken in terms of the structure, properties and applications of polymers, including those commonly used in 3D printing. The research part included the structural and thermal analysis of polylactide (PLA), which is an example of an extensively used polymer in the developing 3D technology. Special attention was paid to the comparison of structure and thermal stability of two different (from various producers) polylactide samples. The research, involving such analytical methods as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT), allowed the comparison of the structure of the two PLA samples considered. The determination of the temperature range in which changes related to PLA thermodestruction occur was a result of the performed thermoanalytical research (DRIFT, TG-DTG). Thermal studies also allowed to establish the temperature range in which the material does not yet degrade, which is important in the context of future planned research work on polylactide modification to obtain the improvement of the thermal and mechanical properties of PLA-based materials. This research area will be described in the second part of the publication

DETECTION OF NITRATES(V) AND SULFATES(VI) BY UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY METHOD IN USED GREEN SAND BONDED BY BENTONITE WITH MODIFIED STARCH ADDITION

The research results (SEM, UV-Vis) that contain a part of the work connected with determining the influence of a modified starch addition on the physical and chemical property changes of green sands (including the emission levels of harmful substances from the used molding sands formed as a result of the liquid metal pouring of molds) are presented in this paper. A surface analysis (SEM) was performed for the fresh molding sands and used molding sands with and without modified starch samples. On the bases of the received microscopic images, the impact of the temperature factor on the morphology of the molding sand samples after the liquid metal pouring process are assessed. In the second part of the performed work on the UV-Vis research, eluates from two used molding sands (green sand [sand number 1] and green sand with the addition of a modified starch [sand number 2]) were tested for nitrate and sulfate content. In order to determine whether the level of nitrate and sulfate elusion from the used molding sands is permissible, the received results were compared with the Minister of Environment’s regulations concerning the requirements of surface waters used for supplying the population with potable water

STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE HARDENERS WITH DIFFERENT HARDENING RATES INTENDED FOR GEOPOLIMER BINDER SYSTEMS USED FOR THE PREPARATION OF MOULDING SANDS

The paper presents the results of structural investigations of hardeners series of different hardening rate of the geopolymer Geopol, manufactured by the Sand-Team Company. Studies showed that these hardeners have the similar chemical structure and that the hardening rate of the binder depends on the proper selection of the proportions of respective components

TG-DTG-DSC, FTIR, DRIFT and Py-GC-MS studies of thermal decomposition for poly(sodium acrylate)/dextrin (PAANa/D) – new binder BioCo3

TG-DTG-DSC, FTIR, DRIFT, and Py-GC-MS studies have been conducted to determine the effect of the thermal decompositionconditions and structure of foundry binder BioCo3 in the form of a composition poly(sodium acrylate)/dextrin(PAANa/D) on the progress of degradation in terms of processes occurring in foundry sands in contact with liquid metal.TG-DTG-DSC curves of the composition allowed us to determine the temperature range in which they do not undergodegradation, by which they do not lose their binding properties. With temperature increasing, physical and chemicalchanges occur that are related to the evaporation of solvent water (20–110°C), followed by the release of constitutionwater, and finally intermolecular dehydration (110–230°C). In this temperature range, processes that are mainly reversibletake place. Within a temperature range of 450–826°C, polymer chains are decomposed, including the decompositionof side chains. Within a temperature range of 399–663°C, polymer composition decomposition can be observed (FTIR,DRIFT), and gas products are generated from this destruction (Py-GC-MS)

Etna International Training School of Geochemistry. Science meets Practice

Also this year, the \u201cEtna International Training School of Geochemistry. Science meets practice\u201d took place at Mt. Etna, now in its fourth edition. The school was hosted in the historical Volcanological Observatory \u201cPizzi Deneri\u201d, one of the most important sites of the INGV - Osservatorio Etneo for geochemical and geophysical monitoring. Mount Etna, located in eastern Sicily, is the largest active volcano in Europe and one of the most intensely degassing volcanoes of the world [Allard et al., 1991; Gerlach, 1991]. Mt Etna emits about 1.6 % of global H2O fluxes from arc volcanism [Aiuppa et al., 2008] and 10 % of global average volcanic emission of CO2 and SO2 [D\u2019Alessandro et al., 1997; Caltabiano et al., 2004; Aiuppa et al., 2008; Carn et al., 2017]. Furthermore, Gauthier and Le Cloarec, [1998] underscored that Mt. Etna is an important source of volcanic particles, having a mass flux of particle passively released from the volcano during non-eruptive period estimated between 7 to 23 tons/day [Martin et al., 2008; Calabrese et al., 2011]. In general, Etna is considered to be still under evolution and rather \u2018friendly\u2019, which, along with the above, makes it a favorable natural laboratory to study volcanic geochemistry. The Observatory Pizzi Deneri was sponsored by Haroun Tazieff, and it was built in 1978 by the CNR - International Institute of Volcanology under the direction of Prof. Letterio Villari. It is located at the base of the North-East crater (2,850 m a.s.l.), near the Valle del Leone and it was built on the rim of the Ellittico caldera. A picturesque building, consisting of two characteristics domes in front of the breath-taking panorama of the summit craters. Even though it is quite spartan as an accommodation facility, the dormitories, kitchen, seminar room and laboratory are well equipped. In other words, the Pizzi Deneri observatory is a unique place close to the top of the most active volcano of Europe. The observatory lies in a strategic location making it one of the most important sites for monitoring, research and dissemination of the scientific culture. After six field multidisciplinary campaigns (2010-2015) organized by a group of researchers of several institutions (INGV of Palermo, Catania, Naples, Bologna; Universities of Palermo, Florence, Mainz, Heidelberg), the idea of sharing and passing on the experience to the new generation of students has materialized, and the \u201cEtna International Training School of Geochemistry. Science meets practice\u201d was born in 2016. The four editions of the school were partially funded by INGV of Palermo and Catania, European Geoscience Union (EGU), Societ\ue0 Geochimica Italiana (SoGeI) and Associazione Naturalistica Geode. The conceptual idea of the school is to share scientific knowledge and experiences in the geochemical community, using local resources with a low-cost organization in order to allow as many students as possible access to the school. The \u201cEtna International Training School of Geochemistry. Science meets practice\u201d is addressed to senior graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, fellows, and newly appointed assistant professors, aiming to bring together the next generation of researchers active in studies concerning the geochemistry and the budget of volcanic gases. Introduce the participants with innovative direct sampling and remote sensing techniques. Furthermore, it gives young scientists an opportunity to experiment and evaluate new protocols and techniques to be used on volcanic fluid emissions covering a broad variety of methods. The teaching approach includes theoretical sessions (lectures), practical demonstrations and field applications, conducted by international recognized geochemists. We thank all the teachers who helped to make the school possible, among these: Tobias Fischer (University of New Mexico Albuquerque), Jens Fiebig (Institut f\ufcr Geowissenschaften Goethe-Universit\ue4t Frankfurt am Main), Andri Stefansson (University of Iceland, Institute of Earth Sciences), Mike Burton (University of Manchester), Nicole Bobrowski (Universit\ue4t Heidelberg Institute of Environmental Physics and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry), Alessandro Aiuppa (Universit\ue0 di Palermo), Franco Tassi (Universit\ue0 di Firenze), Walter D\u2019Alessandro (INGV of Palermo), Fatima Viveiros (University of the Azores). Direct sampling of high-to-low temperature fumaroles, plume measurement techniques (using CO2/SO2 sensors such as Multi-GAS instruments, MAX-DOAS instruments and UV SO2 cameras, alkaline traps and particle filters), measurement of diffuse soil gas fluxes of endogenous gases (CO2, Hg0, CH4 and light hydrocarbons), sampling of mud volcanoes, groundwaters and bubbling gases. Sampling sites include the active summit craters, eruptive fractures and peripheral areas. The students have shown an active participation both to the lessons and the fieldworks. Most of them describe the school as formative and useful experience for their future researches. Their enthusiasm is the real engine of this school

Etna International Training School of Geochemistry. Science meets Practice

Also this year, the “Etna International Training School of Geochemistry. Science meets practice” took place at Mt. Etna, now in its fourth edition. The school was hosted in the historical Volcanological Observatory “Pizzi Deneri”, one of the most important sites of the INGV - Osservatorio Etneo for geochemical and geophysical monitoring. Mount Etna, located in eastern Sicily, is the largest active volcano in Europe and one of the most intensely degassing volcanoes of the world [Allard et al., 1991; Gerlach, 1991]. Mt Etna emits about 1.6 % of global H2O fluxes from arc volcanism [Aiuppa et al., 2008] and 10 % of global average volcanic emission of CO2 and SO2 [D’Alessandro et al., 1997; Caltabiano et al., 2004; Aiuppa et al., 2008; Carn et al., 2017]. Furthermore, Gauthier and Le Cloarec, [1998] underscored that Mt. Etna is an important source of volcanic particles, having a mass flux of particle passively released from the volcano during non-eruptive period estimated between 7 to 23 tons/day [Martin et al., 2008; Calabrese et al., 2011]. In general, Etna is considered to be still under evolution and rather ‘friendly’, which, along with the above, makes it a favorable natural laboratory to study volcanic geochemistry. The Observatory Pizzi Deneri was sponsored by Haroun Tazieff, and it was built in 1978 by the CNR - International Institute of Volcanology under the direction of Prof. Letterio Villari. It is located at the base of the North-East crater (2,850 m a.s.l.), near the Valle del Leone and it was built on the rim of the Ellittico caldera. A picturesque building, consisting of two characteristics domes in front of the breath-taking panorama of the summit craters. Even though it is quite spartan as an accommodation facility, the dormitories, kitchen, seminar room and laboratory are well equipped. In other words, the Pizzi Deneri observatory is a unique place close to the top of the most active volcano of Europe. The observatory lies in a strategic location making it one of the most important sites for monitoring, research and dissemination of the scientific culture. After six field multidisciplinary campaigns (2010-2015) organized by a group of researchers of several institutions (INGV of Palermo, Catania, Naples, Bologna; Universities of Palermo, Florence, Mainz, Heidelberg), the idea of sharing and passing on the experience to the new generation of students has materialized, and the “Etna International Training School of Geochemistry. Science meets practice” was born in 2016. The four editions of the school were partially funded by INGV of Palermo and Catania, European Geoscience Union (EGU), Società Geochimica Italiana (SoGeI) and Associazione Naturalistica Geode. The conceptual idea of the school is to share scientific knowledge and experiences in the geochemical community, using local resources with a low-cost organization in order to allow as many students as possible access to the school. The “Etna International Training School of Geochemistry. Science meets practice” is addressed to senior graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, fellows, and newly appointed assistant professors, aiming to bring together the next generation of researchers active in studies concerning the geochemistry and the budget of volcanic gases. Introduce the participants with innovative direct sampling and remote sensing techniques. Furthermore, it gives young scientists an opportunity to experiment and evaluate new protocols and techniques to be used on volcanic fluid emissions covering a broad variety of methods. The teaching approach includes theoretical sessions (lectures), practical demonstrations and field applications, conducted by international recognized geochemists. We thank all the teachers who helped to make the school possible, among these: Tobias Fischer (University of New Mexico Albuquerque), Jens Fiebig (Institut für Geowissenschaften Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main), Andri Stefansson (University of Iceland, Institute of Earth Sciences), Mike Burton (University of Manchester), Nicole Bobrowski (Universität Heidelberg Institute of Environmental Physics and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry), Alessandro Aiuppa (Università di Palermo), Franco Tassi (Università di Firenze), Walter D’Alessandro (INGV of Palermo), Fatima Viveiros (University of the Azores). Direct sampling of high-to-low temperature fumaroles, plume measurement techniques (using CO2/SO2 sensors such as Multi-GAS instruments, MAX-DOAS instruments and UV SO2 cameras, alkaline traps and particle filters), measurement of diffuse soil gas fluxes of endogenous gases (CO2, Hg0, CH4 and light hydrocarbons), sampling of mud volcanoes, groundwaters and bubbling gases. Sampling sites include the active summit craters, eruptive fractures and peripheral areas. The students have shown an active participation both to the lessons and the fieldworks. Most of them describe the school as formative and useful experience for their future researches. Their enthusiasm is the real engine of this school

Molecular dynamics simulations of the growth of poly(chloro-para-xylylene) films

Parylene C, poly(chloro-para-xylylene) is the most widely used member of the parylene family due to its excellent chemical and physical properties. In this work we analyzed the formation of the parylene C film using molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics methods. A five unit chain is necessary to create a stable hydrophobic cluster and to adhere to a covered surface. Two scenarios were deemed to take place. The obtained results are consistent with a polymer film scaling growth mechanism and contribute to the description of the dynamic growth of the parylene C polymer

2nd FACULTY OF FOUNDRY ENGINEERING XXXVIII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE FOUNDRYMAN' DAY 2014 ANALYSIS OF GASES FROM BTEX GROUP BY FOURIER INFRARED SPECTROS- COPY (FTIR)

Introduction Organic chemicals are up to 96% of all emissions of hazardous compounds from a typical iron foundry. May be released during operations related to the exercise of casting, starting from the preparation of the mold sand, molds and cores, pouring liquid metal, cooling until after knocking. These compounds are also released during curing and storage of the cores, when using organic binders. The main source of harmful gases are binders for molding sand containing organic resins and hardeners, as well as extras such as lustrous carbon carriers used in green sands The determinant of the dangers of molding to the environment is the emission of compounds from BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons At the Faculty of Foundry Engineering AGH for many years conducted research related to evaluation of the harmfulness of molding. Methodology has been developed and test stand gases using FTIR. It allows qualitative and quantitative analysis of gas nearly 400 chemical compounds, both organic and inorganic. In this article we have presented preliminary results for the calibration gas containing in its composition BTEX compounds

Rozprawa doktorska pt.: Charakterystyka pyłów z suchego odpylania stacji przerobu mas z betonitem w aspekcie ich użytkowego wykorzystania

Tyt. z ekranu tytułowego.Praca doktorska. Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica (Kraków), 2009.Zawiera bibliogr.Dostępna także w wersji drukowanej.Tryb dostępu: Internet.Masy formierskie z bentonitem, charakterystyka składników, osnowa ziarnowa, piasek kwarcowy, bentonit, zmiany zachodzące w bentonicie pod wpływem wysokiej temperatury, materiały zawierające węgiel, nośniki węgla błyszczącego, kryteria oceny, charakterystyka procesu produkcyjnego odlewni, stacji przerobu mas, SPM, opis procesu produkcyjnego w odlewni, stacji przygotowania mas formierskich z systemem suchego odpylania, wymagania stawiane materiałom wyjściowym, masie formierskiej w odlewni, charakterystyka chemiczna, granulometryczna pyłów, określenie ilości, składu odciąganych pyłów ze stacji przerobu mas z bentonitem, badania chemiczne mas, z których pochodziły poszczególne pyły, analiza składu granulometrycznego, badania fizykochemiczne z zastosowaniem nowoczesnych metod badawczych, spektroskopia w podczerwieni, FTIR, badania strukturalne montmorillonitu K10, KSF 50, wybranych mieszanek bentonitowo - węglowych, pyłów z suchego odpylania stacji przerobu mas z bentonitem, zmian zachodzących w montmorillonicie, bentonicie, masach formierskich z bentonitem w wysokiej temperaturze, badania termograwimetryczne, TGA/DTG/SDTA, dyfrakcyjna analiza rentgenowska, badania powierzchniowe z zastosowaniem mikroskopu skaningowego, opracowanie sposobów zagospodarowania pyłów z odpylania stacji przerobu mas z bentonitem, wprowadzenie pyłów do masy formierskiej, obliczenia ilości dodatku pyłów do masy formierskiej, analiza chemiczna wybranych odświeżonych mas formierskich, badania właściwości mas ze świeżych składników, właściwości technologicznych, wytrzymałościowych masy używanej z dodatkiem pyłów, wykonanie odlewów próbnych w masach z dodatkiem pyłu, próby półprzemysłowe, wykonanie odlewów testowych w masach z dodatkiem pyłów na linii produkcyjnej, sporządzanie mieszanek bentonitu z pyłami, określenie możliwości granulowania pyłu z odpylania stacji przerobu mas z bentonitem, badania wpływu dodatku pyłów do mas formierskich na środowisko, wydzielania się gazów, EGA, analiza wydzielania się gazów z mieszanki Kormix, z pyłu P2, badanie gazotwórczości mas z dodatkiem pyłów po zalaniu ciekłym metalem, wymywalności masy formierskiej z dodatkiem pył

The impact of temperature on furan resin and binders structure

Tyt. z nagłówka.Bibliogr. s. 79-[80].Pod wpływem działania wysokiej temperatury zachodzi wiele zmian strukturalnych w spoiwach stosowanych do sporządzania mas formierskich i rdzeniowych. Zmiany te mogą polegać na tworzeniu nowych wiązań, zmianie ich charakteru lub też przebudowie struktury, czemu może towarzyszyć na przykład destrukcja (zanik) niektórych wiązań chemicznych. Mają one istotny wpływ na właściwości mechaniczne i technologiczne mas, ale także na szkodliwość mas dla środowiska czy zdolność masy do regeneracji. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań strukturalnych w podczerwieni dwóch żywic furanowych oraz dwóch spoiw sporządzonych na bazie tych żywic. Zarówno czyste żywice, jak i sporządzone na ich bazie spoiwa, poddano działaniu temperatury. Określono zmiany zachodzące w ich strukturze w zakresie temperatury 25-200 °C z zastosowaniem spektroskopii w podczerwieni.Exposure to high temperature causes a series of structural changes in binders used to prepare moulding and core sands. These changes may consist in the formation of new bonds, changes to their character or a transformation of the structure which may be accompanied, for example, by the destruction (disappearance) of some chemical bonds. They have a significant impact on the mechanical and technological properties of sands, but also on their environmental noxiousness or the ability to reclaim the sand. This article presents the results of infrared structural examinations of two furan resins and two binders produced based on those resins. Both pure resins and binders made of them were exposed to temperature. Changes taking place in their structure in the 25-200 °C temperature range were determined using infrared spectroscopy.Dostępny również w formie drukowanej.SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: żywice furanowe, spoiwa furanowe, FTIR, ATR. KEYWORDS: furan resins, furan binders, FTIR, ATR