Controlled bioactive compound delivery systems based on double polysaccharide film-coated microparticles for liquid products and their release behaviors

A new carrier system for controlled release of immunologic peptides based on double polysaccharide film-coated microparticles (PCMPs) used with liquid products was developed. The release behavior of PCMPs was shown dependent on the thicknesses of the outer chitosan film and the inner resistant starch acetate (RSA) film. The in-vitro release results indicated that, with optimized polysaccharide coating thickness (RSA: 4–5%; chitosan: 6–7%), the release rate of Thymopoietin (TP5) was less than 30% before the microparticles reached the colon, and was 50% in the colon. Besides, the bioavailability of PCMPs was evaluated based on the cell proliferation and protein expression. Compared with the intraperitoneal injection or oral administration, the immunodeficient rats that were orally administrated with the yogurt containing TP5-loaded PCMPs with different storage times possessed a good colon-targeting behavior, higher ratios of CD4/CD8 and IgG expression, indicating the improvement in the TP5 immunologic function

Exosomes serve as tumour markers for personalized diagnostics owing to their important role in cancer metastasis

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License CC BY-NC 4.0 ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Exosomes, membrane vesicles of 40-100 nm in diameter, are derived from endosomes in various cells. The bioactive molecules specifically packed into exosomes can be horizontally transferred into recipient cells changing their biological properties, by which tumour cells continuously modify their surrounding microenvironment and distant target cells favouring cancer metastasis. It has been suspected for a long time that exosomes participate in the whole process of tumour metastasis. Although there is much unknown and many controversies in the role of cancer exosome, the major contribution of tumour-associated exosomes to different steps of cancer metastasis are demonstrated in this review. Mainly because these exosomes are easily accessible and capable of representing their parental cells, exosomes draw much attention as a promising biomarker for tumour screening, diagnosis and prognosis. Currently, researchers have found numerous biomarkers in exosomes with great potential to be utilized in personalized medicine. In this article, we summarize the roles of biomarkers, which are validated by clinical samples. Even though many conundrums remain, such as exosome extraction, large multicentre validation of biomarkers and data interpretation, exosomes are certain to be used in clinical practice in the near future as the field rapidly expands.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Electrochemical determination of microRNAs based on isothermal strand-displacement polymerase reaction coupled with multienzyme functionalized magnetic micro-carriers

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81371901), Doctoral Scientific Fund Project of the Ministry of Education of People's Republic of China (20134433110010), the Critical Point-of-Care Testing (CPOCT) Research grant of American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) and 2015 Distinguished Academic Fellowships of Royal College of Engineering (DVF1415/2/79)

Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE), Life and Health

Light has profoundly impacted modern medicine and healthcare, with numerous luminescent agents and imaging techniques currently being used to assess health and treat diseases. As an emerging concept in luminescence, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has shown great potential in biological applications due to its advantages in terms of brightness, biocompatibility, photostability, and positive correlation with concentration. This review provides a comprehensive summary of AIE luminogens applied in imaging of biological structure and dynamic physiological processes, disease diagnosis and treatment, and detection and monitoring of specific analytes, followed by representative works. Discussions on critical issues and perspectives on future directions are also included. This review aims to stimulate the interest of researchers from different fields, including chemistry, biology, materials science, medicine, etc., thus promoting the development of AIE in the fields of life and health

A Sandwich HIV p24 Amperometric Immunosensor Based on a Direct Gold Electroplating-Modified Electrode

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Advances in AI‐based cancer cytopathology

Abstract Cytopathological examination plays a crucial role in cancer diagnosis as it reflects the cellular pathology of cancer. However, this process traditionally relies on the visual examination by cytopathologists. Recent advancements in computer and digital imaging technologies have enabled the application of artificial intelligence (AI)‐based models to identify tumor cells in images, thereby assisting cytopathologists in achieving enhanced performance. AI‐based models can improve the accuracy and reproducibility of image evaluation and streamline clinical workflows. Moreover, AI‐based models can analyze a diverse range of sample types, including peripheral blood, urine, ascites, and bone marrow. AI‐based cytopathological recognition can help clinicians screen and diagnose cancer, predict prognosis and recurrence of cancers, such as leukemia, cervical cancer, urothelial carcinoma, and gastric cancer. Additionally, AI‐based models can predict the types of mutations in leukemia. A growing number of studies emphasize the potential of computational image analysis and deep learning‐based AI to build novel diagnostic tools that are conducive to the biomedical field. This review describes the recent developments in AI‐based cytopathological recognition and offers a perspective on how AI tools of cytopathology can help improve cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction. Future developments in AI model applications can further contribute to the improvement of human health

Electrochemical Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for α-Fetoprotein Based on Glucose Detection with Multienzyme-Nanoparticle Amplification

Since glucose biosensors are one of the most popular and widely used point-of-care testing devices, a novel electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for protein biomarkers has been developed based on a glucose detection strategy. In this study, α-fetoprotein (AFP) was used as the target protein. An electrochemical ELISA system was constructed using anti-AFP antibodies immobilized on microwell plates as the capture antibody (Ab1) and multi-label bioconjugates as signal tracer. The bioconjugates were synthesized by attaching glucoamylase and the secondary anti-AFP antibodies (Ab2) to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). After formation of the sandwich complex, the Ab2-glucoamylase-AuNPs conjugates converted starch into glucose in the presence of AFP. The concentration of AFP can be calculated based on the linear relation between AFP and glucose, the concentration of which can be detected by the glucose biosensor. When the AFP concentration ranged from 0.05 to 100 ng/mL, a linear calibration plot (i (µA) = 13.62033 − 2.86252 logCAFP (ng/mL), r = 0.99886) with a detection limit of 0.02 ng/mL was obtained under optimal conditions. The electrochemical ELISA developed in this work shows acceptable stability and reproducibility, and the assay for AFP spiked in human serum also shows good recovery (97.0%–104%). This new method could be applied for detecting any protein biomarker with the corresponding antibodies