93 research outputs found
Eksperimentalna i teorijska analiza spregnutih nosaÄa drvo-beton izvedenih mehaniÄkim spojnim sredstvima
Common needs of contemporary civil engineering put forward for constructors and architects more complex demands in the applications of new materials as well as optimal use of traditional engineering materials, with the use of new technologies in the process of manufacture and technical innovations, with accomplishing optimal demands in terms of aesthetics and rationalization. To use right material at the right place in the structure, at the place which suits the best its physical and mechanical characteristics is one of the crucial demands of optimal design of contemporary civil engineering structures. The result of such thinking is the break-through of composite beams, among which with no doubt the prevailing application have composite structures steel-concrete. However in the recent years new model of composite beams is becoming more popular in the world, where the steel beam is replaced with wood. This paper deals with the principal characteristics of wood-concrete composite beams, as well as testing of a model with mechanical connectors. Some of the results obtained are presented. Besides, the experimental results presented, analytical method design according to the elastic theory and Eurocode 5. is given.Svakodnevne potrebe savremenog graÄevinarstva postavljaju pred konstruktore i arhitekte sve složenije zahteve, kako u primeni novih materijala, tako i u optimalnom koriÅ”Äenju tradicionalnih graÄevinskih materijala, uz primenu novih tehnologija u procesu proizvodnje i tehniÄkih inovacija u procesu izgradnje, uz ostvarivanje optimalnih zahteva u pogledu estetike i racionalnosti. Primeniti pravi materijal na pravom mestu u konstrukciji, na mestu koje mu po njegovim fiziÄko-mehaniÄkim karakteristikama najviÅ”e odgovara, jedan je od osnovnih zahteva optimalnog projektovanja savremenih graÄevinskih konstrukcija. Rezultat ovakvih i sliÄnih razmiÅ”ljanja je pojava razliÄitih vrsta spregnutih nosaÄa, meÄu kojima nesumnjivo najveÄu primenu imaju spregnuti nosaÄi Äelik-beton. MeÄutim, poslednjih godina u svetu je sve prisutniji jedan novi oblik sprezanja, gde se umesto Äelika, u spregnutom nosaÄu, koristi drvo. U radu je dat prikaz osnovnih karakteristika spregnutih nosaÄa drvo-beton, prikazan je postupak ispitivanja ovih nosaÄa izvedenih mehaniÄkim spojnim sredstvima. Prikazani su neki od rezultata koji su dobijenih pri ovim ispitivanjima. Pored eksperimentalnog istraživanja data je i analitiÄka metoda proraÄuna po teoriji elastiÄnog sprezanja i preporukama Evrokoda 5
Spregnuti nosaÄi drvo-beton
Classical composite steel-concrete beams are being used in construction practice already for a long time. However, in the recent few years a new form of composite beams in which wood is used instead of steel, is more and more present in the world. The results of this idea are coupled timber-concrete girders, which are successfully used in many structures. Such composite beams are used in bridges, in floor structures and walls in building construction and in industrial buildings. Composite timber-concrete beams are used in reconstruction and remedy of timber floor structures. This paper presents basic characteristic of composite timber-concrete beams, way of coupling, shear connectors and basic assumptions for calculation. Paper also presents rebuilding of floors of several buildings, where nails were used as shear connectors between timber and concrete.KlasiÄno spregnuti nosaÄi od Äelika i betona veÄ se dugo upotrebljavaju u graÄevinskoj praksi. MeÄutim, poslednjih godina u svetu je sve prisutniji jedan novi oblik sprezanja, gde se umesto Äelika koristi drvo. Rezultat ove ideje su spregnuti nosaÄi od drveta i betona, koji se uspeÅ”no primenjuju u mnogim konstrukcijama - kod mostova, kod meÄuspratnih konstrukcija i zidova u visokogradnji i industrijskim objektima. Pored ovoga, sprezanje drveta i betona koristi se pri rekonstrukciji i sanaciji meÄuspratnih drvenih konstrukcija. U radu su prikazane osnovne karakteristike spregnutih nosaÄa drvo-beton, naÄina sprezanja, sredstava za sprezanje, kao i osnovnih postavki proraÄuna. Pored toga, prikazana je i sanacija meÄuspratnih konstrukcija na vise objekata, gde su kao sredstva za sprezanje koriÅ”Äeni ekseri
Jedan naÄin ojaÄanja drvenih meÄuspratnih konstrukcija kod nadgradnje zgrada
In this paper one way of improving resistance of wooden floors with composite action between existing wooden beams and a new reinforced concrete slab is presented. When restoring attic spaces and rebuilding buildings with wooden floors, composite floors with existing wooden beams and a new concrete slab has a great advantage compared to other solutions based on the following arguments: a cost of the composite wood/concrete floor structure is for two to four times less compared to other floors, fabrication is fast and easy fabrication can take place in any climate condition, because it is not necessary to remove the roof, during the fabrication the space which is bellow the floor structure which is being restored can be normally used because the existing structure is not being removed. The paper presents the main properties of this kind of composite action and some examples of built-in structures with improved resistance are given.U radu se prikazuje jedan naÄin ojaÄanja drvenih meÄuspratnih konstrukcija sprezanjem postojeÄih drvenih greda i nove armiranobetonske ploÄe. Kod adaptacije tavanskih prostora i nadgradnje objekata sa drvenom tavanicom izrada meÄuspratne konstrukcije sprezanjem postojeÄih drvenih greda i nove betonske ploÄe ima veliku prednost u odnosu na bilo koje drugo reÅ”enje, iz sledeÄih razloga: cena spregnute meÄuspratne konstrukcije drvo-beton je za dva do Äetiti puta manja u odnosu na druge meduspratne konstrukcije izvoÄenje je brzo i jednostavno, radovi na izvoÄenju mogu se obavljati u svim vremenskim uslovima, jer nije potrebno uklanjati krov, za vreme izvoÄenja radova prostorije koje se nalaze ispod meÄuspratne konstrukcije koja se sanira mogu se normalno koristiti, jer se ne uklanja postojeÄa konstrukcija. U radu su prikazane osnovne karakteristike ovakvog naÄina sprezanja i daju primeri veÄ izvedenih ojaÄanja nekih objekata
Jedan naÄin ojaÄanja drvenih meÄuspratnih konstrukcija kod nadgradnje zgrada
In this paper one way of improving resistance of wooden floors with composite action between existing wooden beams and a new reinforced concrete slab is presented. When restoring attic spaces and rebuilding buildings with wooden floors, composite floors with existing wooden beams and a new concrete slab has a great advantage compared to other solutions based on the following arguments: a cost of the composite wood/concrete floor structure is for two to four times less compared to other floors, fabrication is fast and easy fabrication can take place in any climate condition, because it is not necessary to remove the roof, during the fabrication the space which is bellow the floor structure which is being restored can be normally used because the existing structure is not being removed. The paper presents the main properties of this kind of composite action and some examples of built-in structures with improved resistance are given.U radu se prikazuje jedan naÄin ojaÄanja drvenih meÄuspratnih konstrukcija sprezanjem postojeÄih drvenih greda i nove armiranobetonske ploÄe. Kod adaptacije tavanskih prostora i nadgradnje objekata sa drvenom tavanicom izrada meÄuspratne konstrukcije sprezanjem postojeÄih drvenih greda i nove betonske ploÄe ima veliku prednost u odnosu na bilo koje drugo reÅ”enje, iz sledeÄih razloga: cena spregnute meÄuspratne konstrukcije drvo-beton je za dva do Äetiti puta manja u odnosu na druge meduspratne konstrukcije izvoÄenje je brzo i jednostavno, radovi na izvoÄenju mogu se obavljati u svim vremenskim uslovima, jer nije potrebno uklanjati krov, za vreme izvoÄenja radova prostorije koje se nalaze ispod meÄuspratne konstrukcije koja se sanira mogu se normalno koristiti, jer se ne uklanja postojeÄa konstrukcija. U radu su prikazane osnovne karakteristike ovakvog naÄina sprezanja i daju primeri veÄ izvedenih ojaÄanja nekih objekata
Evrokod 6 - zidane konstrukcije
A general concept of Eurocode 6 - Design of Masonry Structures, as European standard which deals with basic problems of masonry structures, is presented in this paper. Special attention is dedicated to Chapter 3 of the Eurocode 6 related to masonry materials for masonry structures. Masonry elements and masonry mortars are particularly dealt with from the aspect of partial safety coefficients, as well as from the aspect of their quality, whose basic indicator is a compressive strength. Also, the paper presents some provisions of the Eurocode 6 dealing with durability of masonry structures. The comparison of the Eurocode 6 with the current' Rules on Technical Norms for Masonry Walls' is also given in the section referring to masonry materials for masonry structures. .U radu je prikazan koncept Evrokoda 6 - ProraÄun zidanih konstrukcija, kao evropskog standarda koji obraÄuje osnovnu problematiku zidanih konstrukcija. Posebna pažnja posveÄena je poglavlju 3 Evrokoda 6, koji se odnosi na materijale za zidane konstrukcije. NaroÄito su obraÄeni elementi za zidanje i malteri za zidanje sa aspekta parcijalnih koeficijenata sigurnosti, kao i sa aspekta njihovog kvaliteta Äiji je osnovni pokazatelj ÄvrstoÄa pri pritisku. TakoÄe, su u radu izložene i neke odredbe Evrokoda 6 vezane za trajnost zidanih konstrukcija, a dato je i poreÄenje Evrokoda 6 sa važeÄim 'Pravilnikom o tehniÄkim normativima za zidane zidove' u delu koji se odnosu na materijale za zidane konstrukcije.
Zidane konstrukcije
Masonry buildings represent the most widely spread type of structure since the beginning of time until present day. Firstly, stone and wood were used for building, since these materials were easily found in nature, and later elements made out of baked clay, also known as brick. Today, as well as in the past, in the areas of residential, administrative, public, industrial agricultural and other construction, masonry buildings are the most widely spread. Historically speaking, masonry buildings are without a doubt the most commonly erected structures. However, in the contemporary building practice they are no longer the supporting structures of industrial and other engineering structures, such as bridges, tunnels, revetments, etc. They are however, widely present in the areas of residential and public construction in the world, as well as in our own country. Masonry structures make up 80% (area wise) of these structures, which means that they are at the top of mass construction. A historical look at masonry structures, as well as further development and research in this area are given in this paper, and also the summary of papers submitted for the 23rd Congress JUDIMKE.Zidani objekti predstavljaju najrasprostranjenije tipove graÄevinskih objekta od postanka sveta pa do danaÅ”njih dana. Za izgradnju objekata u prvo vreme koriÅ”Äeni su elementi od kamena i drveta obzirom da su ovi materijali bili lako dostupni u prirodi, a kasnije su koriÅ”Äeni i elementi od peÄene gline tzv. opeke. Kao i u proÅ”losti i danas su, u oblasti graÄenja stambenih administrativnih, javnih, industrijskih, poljoprivrednih i drugih objekata najviÅ”e zastupljene zidane konstrukcije. Zidani objekti su, istorijski gledano, nesumnjivo najviÅ”e prisutni u graditeljstvu. Danas, u savremenoj graÄevinskoj praksi oni se, doduÅ”e, vise ne pojavljuju kao osnovne noseÄe strukture industrijskih i drugih inženjerskih objekata, kao Å”to su mostovi tuneli, potporni zidovi i dr. MeÄutim zidane konstrukcije su danas, u svetu a i kod nas masovno zastupljeni u oblasti stambenih i javnih zgrada. Kod svih objekata ove vrste oko 80% (po povrÅ”ini) pripada tipu zidanih konstrukcija Å”to znaÄi da su ove konstrukcije danas u vrhu masovnog graditeljstva. U radu je dat istorijski prikaz zidanih konstrukcija, kao i dalji pravci razvoja i istraživanja u ovoj oblasti. TakoÄe, dat je i pregled radova koji su dostavljeni za XXIII kongres JUDIMKE
Spregnuti nosaÄi drvo-beton
Classical composite steel-concrete beams are being used in construction practice already for a long time. However, in the recent few years a new form of composite beams in which wood is used instead of steel, is more and more present in the world. The results of this idea are coupled timber-concrete girders, which are successfully used in many structures. Such composite beams are used in bridges, in floor structures and walls in building construction and in industrial buildings. Composite timber-concrete beams are used in reconstruction and remedy of timber floor structures. This paper presents basic characteristic of composite timber-concrete beams, way of coupling, shear connectors and basic assumptions for calculation. Paper also presents rebuilding of floors of several buildings, where nails were used as shear connectors between timber and concrete.KlasiÄno spregnuti nosaÄi od Äelika i betona veÄ se dugo upotrebljavaju u graÄevinskoj praksi. MeÄutim, poslednjih godina u svetu je sve prisutniji jedan novi oblik sprezanja, gde se umesto Äelika koristi drvo. Rezultat ove ideje su spregnuti nosaÄi od drveta i betona, koji se uspeÅ”no primenjuju u mnogim konstrukcijama - kod mostova, kod meÄuspratnih konstrukcija i zidova u visokogradnji i industrijskim objektima. Pored ovoga, sprezanje drveta i betona koristi se pri rekonstrukciji i sanaciji meÄuspratnih drvenih konstrukcija. U radu su prikazane osnovne karakteristike spregnutih nosaÄa drvo-beton, naÄina sprezanja, sredstava za sprezanje, kao i osnovnih postavki proraÄuna. Pored toga, prikazana je i sanacija meÄuspratnih konstrukcija na vise objekata, gde su kao sredstva za sprezanje koriÅ”Äeni ekseri
Evrokod 6 - zidane konstrukcije
A general concept of Eurocode 6 - Design of Masonry Structures, as European standard which deals with basic problems of masonry structures, is presented in this paper. Special attention is dedicated to Chapter 3 of the Eurocode 6 related to masonry materials for masonry structures. Masonry elements and masonry mortars are particularly dealt with from the aspect of partial safety coefficients, as well as from the aspect of their quality, whose basic indicator is a compressive strength. Also, the paper presents some provisions of the Eurocode 6 dealing with durability of masonry structures. The comparison of the Eurocode 6 with the current' Rules on Technical Norms for Masonry Walls' is also given in the section referring to masonry materials for masonry structures. .U radu je prikazan koncept Evrokoda 6 - ProraÄun zidanih konstrukcija, kao evropskog standarda koji obraÄuje osnovnu problematiku zidanih konstrukcija. Posebna pažnja posveÄena je poglavlju 3 Evrokoda 6, koji se odnosi na materijale za zidane konstrukcije. NaroÄito su obraÄeni elementi za zidanje i malteri za zidanje sa aspekta parcijalnih koeficijenata sigurnosti, kao i sa aspekta njihovog kvaliteta Äiji je osnovni pokazatelj ÄvrstoÄa pri pritisku. TakoÄe, su u radu izložene i neke odredbe Evrokoda 6 vezane za trajnost zidanih konstrukcija, a dato je i poreÄenje Evrokoda 6 sa važeÄim 'Pravilnikom o tehniÄkim normativima za zidane zidove' u delu koji se odnosu na materijale za zidane konstrukcije.
Eksperimentalna i teorijska analiza spregnutih nosaÄa drvo-beton izvedenih mehaniÄkim spojnim sredstvima
Common needs of contemporary civil engineering put forward for constructors and architects more complex demands in the applications of new materials as well as optimal use of traditional engineering materials, with the use of new technologies in the process of manufacture and technical innovations, with accomplishing optimal demands in terms of aesthetics and rationalization. To use right material at the right place in the structure, at the place which suits the best its physical and mechanical characteristics is one of the crucial demands of optimal design of contemporary civil engineering structures. The result of such thinking is the break-through of composite beams, among which with no doubt the prevailing application have composite structures steel-concrete. However in the recent years new model of composite beams is becoming more popular in the world, where the steel beam is replaced with wood. This paper deals with the principal characteristics of wood-concrete composite beams, as well as testing of a model with mechanical connectors. Some of the results obtained are presented. Besides, the experimental results presented, analytical method design according to the elastic theory and Eurocode 5. is given.Svakodnevne potrebe savremenog graÄevinarstva postavljaju pred konstruktore i arhitekte sve složenije zahteve, kako u primeni novih materijala, tako i u optimalnom koriÅ”Äenju tradicionalnih graÄevinskih materijala, uz primenu novih tehnologija u procesu proizvodnje i tehniÄkih inovacija u procesu izgradnje, uz ostvarivanje optimalnih zahteva u pogledu estetike i racionalnosti. Primeniti pravi materijal na pravom mestu u konstrukciji, na mestu koje mu po njegovim fiziÄko-mehaniÄkim karakteristikama najviÅ”e odgovara, jedan je od osnovnih zahteva optimalnog projektovanja savremenih graÄevinskih konstrukcija. Rezultat ovakvih i sliÄnih razmiÅ”ljanja je pojava razliÄitih vrsta spregnutih nosaÄa, meÄu kojima nesumnjivo najveÄu primenu imaju spregnuti nosaÄi Äelik-beton. MeÄutim, poslednjih godina u svetu je sve prisutniji jedan novi oblik sprezanja, gde se umesto Äelika, u spregnutom nosaÄu, koristi drvo. U radu je dat prikaz osnovnih karakteristika spregnutih nosaÄa drvo-beton, prikazan je postupak ispitivanja ovih nosaÄa izvedenih mehaniÄkim spojnim sredstvima. Prikazani su neki od rezultata koji su dobijenih pri ovim ispitivanjima. Pored eksperimentalnog istraživanja data je i analitiÄka metoda proraÄuna po teoriji elastiÄnog sprezanja i preporukama Evrokoda 5
Segment representations with small resolution
A segment representation of a graph is an assignment of line segments in 2D
to the vertices in such a way that two segments intersect if and only if the
corresponding vertices are adjacent. Not all graphs have such segment
representations, but they exist, for example, for all planar graphs.
In this note, we study the resolution that can be achieved for segment
representations, presuming the ends of segments must be on integer grid points.
We show that any planar graph (and more generally, any graph that has a
so-called -representation) has a segment representation in a grid of width
and height
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