4,659 research outputs found
The employment effects of the Working Families Tax Credit
In October 1999 WFTC replaced Family Credit as the main package of in-work financial support for families with children. This note compares the results of three IFS projects assessing the effectiveness of the WFTC in getting people back to work
Decomposing changes in income risk using consumption data
This paper concerns the decomposition of income risk into permanent and transitory components using repeated cross-section data on income and consumption. Our focus is on the detection of changes in the magnitudes of variances of permanent and transitory risks. A new approximation to the optimal consumption growth rule is developed.
Evidence from a dynamic stochastic simulation is used to show that this approximation can provide a robust method for decomposing income risk in a nonstationary environment. We examine robustness to unobserved heterogeneity in consumption growth and to unobserved heterogeneity in income growth. We use this approach to investigate the growth in income inequality in the UK in the 1980s
Interpreting aggregate wage growth
This paper analyzes the relationship between aggregate wages and individual wages when there is time series variation in employment and in the dispersion of wages. A new and easily implementable framework for the empirical analysis of aggregation biases is developed. Aggregate real wages
are shown to contain three important bias terms: one associated with the dispersion of individual wages, a second reflecting the distribution of working hours, and a third deriving from compositional changes in the (selected)
sample of workers. Noting the importance of these issues for recent experience in Britain, data on real wages and participation for British male workers over the period 1978-1996 are studied. A close correspondence between the estimated biases and the patterns of differences shown by aggregate wages is established. This is shown to have important implications for the interpretation of real wage growth over this period
Income risk and consumption inequality: a simulation study
This paper assesses the accuracy of decomposing income risk into permanent and transitory components using income and consumption data. We develop a specific approximation to the optimal consumption growth rule and use Monte Carlo evidence to show that this approximation can provide a robust method for decomposing income risk. The availability of asset data enables the use of a more accurate approximation allowing for partial self-insurance against permanent shocks. We show that the use of data on median asset holdings corrects much of the error in the simple approximation which assumes no self-insurance against permanent shocks
Cosmic ray acceleration to ultrahigh energy in radio galaxies
The origin of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is an open question. In
this proceeding, we first review the general physical requirements that a
source must meet for acceleration to 10-100 EeV, including the consideration
that the shock is not highly relativistic. We show that shocks in the backflows
of radio galaxies can meet these requirements. We discuss a model in which
giant-lobed radio galaxies such as Centaurus A and Fornax A act as
slowly-leaking UHECR reservoirs, with the UHECRs being accelerated during a
more powerful past episode. We also show that Centaurus A, Fornax A and other
radio galaxies may explain the observed anisotropies in data from the Pierre
Auger Observatory, before examining some of the difficulties in associating
UHECR anisotropies with astrophysical sources.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Proceedings of UHECR 2018, 8-12 October 2018,
Paris, Franc
Study on the mechanism of open-flavor strong decays
The open-flavor strong decays are studied based on the interaction of
potential quark model. The decay process is related to the s-channel
contribution of the same scalar confinment and one-gluon-exchange(OGE)
interaction in the quark model. After we adopt the prescription of massive
gluons in time-like region from the lattice calculation, the approximation of
four-fermion interaction is applied. The numerical calculation is performed to
the meson decays in , , light flavor sector. The analysis of the
ratios of and show
that the scalar interaction should be dominant in the open-flavor decays
Amplification of perpendicular and parallel magnetic fields by cosmic ray currents
Cosmic ray (CR) currents through magnetised plasma drive strong instabilities
producing amplification of the magnetic field. This amplification helps explain
the CR energy spectrum as well as observations of supernova remnants and radio
galaxy hot spots. Using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, we study the
behaviour of the non-resonant hybrid (NRH) instability (also known as the Bell
instability) in the case of CR currents perpendicular and parallel to the
initial magnetic field. We demonstrate that extending simulations of the
perpendicular case to 3D reveals a different character to the turbulence from
that observed in 2D. Despite these differences, in 3D the perpendicular NRH
instability still grows exponentially far into the non-linear regime with a
similar growth rate to both the 2D perpendicular and 3D parallel situations. We
introduce some simple analytical models to elucidate the physical behaviour,
using them to demonstrate that the transition to the non-linear regime is
governed by the growth of thermal pressure inside dense filaments at the edges
of the expanding loops. We discuss our results in the context of supernova
remnants and jets in radio galaxies. Our work shows that the NRH instability
can amplify magnetic fields to many times their initial value in parallel and
perpendicular shocks.Comment: Published in MNRAS. 14 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables. Replacement
corrects some typesetting error
Structure and Magnetic Fields in the Precessing Jet System SS 433 II. Intrinsic Brightness of the Jets
Deep Very Large Array imaging of the binary X-ray source SS 433, sometimes
classified as a microquasar, has been used to study the intrinsic brightness
distribution and evolution of its radio jets. The intrinsic brightness of the
jets as a function of age at emission of the jet material tau is recovered by
removal of the Doppler boosting and projection effects. We find that
intrinsically the two jets are remarkably similar when compared for equal tau,
and that they are best described by Doppler boosting of the form D^{2+alpha},
as expected for continuous jets. The intrinsic brightnesses of the jets as
functions of age behave in complex ways. In the age range 60 < tau < 150 days,
the jet decays are best represented by exponential functions of tau, but linear
or power law functions are not statistically excluded. This is followed by a
region out to tau ~ 250 days during which the intrinsic brightness is
essentially constant. At later times the jet decay can be fit roughly as
exponential or power law functions of tau.Comment: 30 Pages, 11 Figures, Submitted to Ap
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