451 research outputs found
Chip-Scale, Sub-Hz Fundamental Sub-kHz Integral Linewidth 780 nm Laser through Self-Injection-Locking a Fabry-P\'erot laser to an Ultra-High Q Integrated Resonator
Today's state of the art precision experiments in quantum, gravimetry,
navigation, time keeping, and fundamental science have strict requirements on
the level and spectral distribution of laser frequency noise. For example, the
laser interaction with atoms and qubits requires ultra-low frequency noise at
multiple offset frequencies due to hyperfine atomic transitions, motional
sidebands, and fast pulse sequencing. Chip-scale integration of lasers that
meet these requirements is essential for reliability, low-cost, and weight.
Here, we demonstrate a significant advancement in atomic precision light
sources by realizing a chip-scale, low-cost, 780 nm laser for rubidium atom
applications with record-low 640 mHz (white noise floor at 0.2 Hz/Hz)
fundamental and 732 Hz integral linewidths and a frequency noise that is
multiple orders of magnitude lower than previous hybrid and heterogeneous
self-injection locked 780 nm lasers and lower noise than bulk microresonator
implementations. The laser is a Fabry-P\'erot laser diode self-injection locked
to an ultra-high Q photonic integrated silicon nitride resonator. This
performance is enabled by a 145 million resonator Q with a 30 dB extinction
ratio, the highest Q at 780 nm, to the best of our knowledge. We analyze the
impact of our frequency noise on specific atomic applications including atomic
frequency references, Rydberg quantum gates, and cold atom gravimeters. The
photonic integrated resonator is fabricated using a CMOS foundry-compatible,
wafer-scale process, with demonstrated integration of other components showing
promise for a full system-on-a-chip. This performance is scalable to other
visible atomic wavelengths, opening the door to a variety of transitions across
many atomic species and enabling low-power, compact, ultra-low noise lasers
impacting applications including quantum sensing, computing, clocks and more
Potential implications of coronary artery calcium testing for guiding aspirin use among asymptomatic individuals with diabetes.
ObjectiveIt is unclear whether coronary artery calcium (CAC) is effective for risk stratifying patients with diabetes in whom treatment decisions are uncertain.Research design and methodsOf 44,052 asymptomatic individuals referred for CAC testing, we studied 2,384 individuals with diabetes. Subjects were followed for a mean of 5.6 ± 2.6 years for the end point of all-cause mortality.ResultsThere were 162 deaths (6.8%) in the population. CAC was a strong predictor of mortality across age-groups (age <50, 50-59, ≥60), sex, and risk factor burden (0 vs. ≥1 additional risk factor). In individuals without a clear indication for aspirin per current guidelines, CAC stratified risk, identifying patients above and below the 10% risk threshold of presumed aspirin benefit.ConclusionsCAC can help risk stratify individuals with diabetes and may aid in selection of patients who may benefit from therapies such as low-dose aspirin for primary prevention
Fundamental noise dynamics in cascaded-order Brillouin lasers
The dynamics of cascaded-order Brillouin lasers make them ideal for
applications such as rotation sensing, highly coherent optical communications,
and low-noise microwave signal synthesis. Remark- ably, when implemented at the
chip-scale, recent experimental studies have revealed that Brillouin lasers can
operate in the fundamental linewidth regime where optomechanical and quantum
noise sources dominate. To explore new opportunities for enhanced performance,
we formulate a simple model to describe the physics of cascaded Brillouin
lasers based on the coupled mode dynamics governed by electrostriction and the
fluctuation-dissipation theorem. From this model, we obtain analytical formulas
describing the steady state power evolution and accompanying noise properties,
including expressions for phase noise, relative intensity noise and power
spectra for beat notes of cascaded laser orders. Our analysis reveals that
cascading modifies the dynamics of intermediate laser orders, yielding noise
properties that differ from single-mode Brillouin lasers. These modifications
lead to a Stokes order linewidth dependency on the coupled order dynamics and a
broader linewidth than that predicted with previous single order theories. We
also derive a simple analytical expression for the higher order beat notes that
enables calculation of the Stokes linewidth based on only the relative measured
powers between orders instead of absolute parameters, yielding a method to
measure cascaded order linewidth as well as a prediction for sub-Hz operation.
We validate our results using stochastic numerical simulations of the cascaded
laser dynamics.Comment: 18 pages, 9 figure
Photonic integrated beam delivery in a rubidium 3D magneto-optical trap
Cold atoms are important for precision atomic applications including
timekeeping and sensing. The 3D magneto-optical trap (3D-MOT), used to produce
cold atoms, will benefit from photonic integration to improve reliability and
reduce size, weight, and cost. These traps require the delivery of multiple,
large area, collimated laser beams to an atomic vacuum cell. Yet, to date, beam
delivery using an integrated waveguide approach has remained elusive. We report
the demonstration of a 87Rb 3D-MOT using a fiber-coupled photonic integrated
circuit to deliver all beams to cool and trap > 1 x 10^6 atoms to near 200
{\mu}K. The silicon nitride photonic circuit transforms fiber-coupled 780 nm
cooling and repump light via waveguides to three mm-width non-diverging
free-space cooling and repump beams directly to the rubidium cell. This planar,
CMOS foundry-compatible integrated beam delivery is compatible with other
components, such as lasers and modulators, promising system-on-chip solutions
for cold atom applications
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All-cause and cause-specific mortality in individuals with zero and minimal coronary artery calcium: A long-term, competing risk analysis in the Coronary Artery Calcium Consortium.
Background and aimsThe long-term associations between zero, minimal coronary artery calcium (CAC) and cause-specific mortality are currently unknown, particularly after accounting for competing risks with other causes of death.MethodsWe evaluated 66,363 individuals from the CAC Consortium (mean age 54 years, 33% women), a multi-center, retrospective cohort study of asymptomatic individuals undergoing CAC scoring for clinical risk assessment. Baseline evaluations occurred between 1991 and 2010.ResultsOver a mean of 12 years of follow-up, individuals with CAC = 0 (45% prevalence, mean age 45 years) had stable low rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) death, cardiovascular disease (CVD) death (ranging 0.32 to 0.43 per 1000 person-years), and all-cause death (1.38-1.62 per 1000 person-years). Cancer was the predominant cause of death in this group, yet rates were also very low (0.47-0.79 per 1000 person-years). Compared to CAC = 0, individuals with CAC 1-10 had an increased multivariable-adjusted risk of CVD death only under age 40. Individuals with CAC>10 had multivariable-adjusted increased risks of CHD death, CVD death and all-cause death at all ages, and a higher proportion of CVD deaths.ConclusionsCAC = 0 is a frequent finding among individuals undergoing CAC scanning for risk assessment and is associated with low rates of all-cause death at 12 years of follow-up. Our results support the emerging consensus that CAC = 0 represents a unique population with favorable all-cause prognosis who may be considered for more flexible treatment goals in primary prevention. Detection of any CAC in young adults could be used to trigger aggressive preventive interventions
High index contrast photonic platforms for on-chip Raman spectroscopy
Nanophotonic waveguide enhanced Raman spectroscopy (NWERS) is a sensing technique that uses a highly confined waveguide mode to excite and collect the Raman scattered signal from molecules in close vicinity of the waveguide. The most important parameters defining the figure of merit of an NWERS sensor include its ability to collect the Raman signal from an analyte, i.e. "the Raman conversion efficiency" and the amount of "Raman background" generated from the guiding material. Here, we compare different photonic integrated circuit (PIC) platforms capable of on-chip Raman sensing in terms of the aforementioned parameters. Among the four photonic platforms under study, tantalum oxide and silicon nitride waveguides exhibit high signal collection efficiency and low Raman background. In contrast, the performance of titania and alumina waveguides suffers from a strong Raman background and a weak signal collection efficiency, respectively
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