Os componentes epifítico vascular e herbáceo terrícola da Floresta Ombrófila densa ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal na Serra da Prata, Paraná

This study aimed to characterize the floristics, structure and spatial distribution of vascular epiphytes and ground herbs along an altitudinal gradient of the Atlantic Rainforest in the Serra da Prata mountain range (48 ‹41'59.39"W, 25 ‹36'46.39"S), Parana State, and to explore the existence of relationships among these elements and the environmental variation along the gradient. The study area has 6.3 hectares between 400 and 1,100 m a.s.l. The epiphytic component was quantified using 120 phorophytes with diameters around 35 cm with canopy crowns distributed equally at 400, 600, 800 and 1,000 m of altitude. The phorophytes were divided into six vertical zones. Dominance and coverage estimates of the epiphytes were taken for each zone. The data collection on the herbaceous synusia was done using 716 quadrats of 1x1 m placed continually in rows 2 m wide with variable length in the altitudes 500 m (208 m2), 700 m (108 m2), 800 m (200 m2) e 1,100 m (200 m2). The maximum height and the percentage of coverage of all rooted herbaceous species in the quadrats were registered. To evaluate the climatic aspects two temperature and air moisture recorders were installed at 400 and 1,000 m a.s.l. Daily data was obtained from July, 2009, until June, 2010. In total, 277 species and 30 families of vascular epiphytes were recorded. Orchidaceae included 103 species, followed by Bromeliaceae (37) and Polypodiaceae (28). The Shannon index was 4.96 nats.ind-1. Only 19.5% of the epiphytes occurred in all altitudes. Bromeliaceae had the greater structural importance along the slope. The most frequent species were Philodendron loefgrenii and Serpocaulon catharinae. Vriesea altodaserrae presented the greater structural importance in altitudes above 800 m. The most important species at 400 and 600 m a.s.l. were Aechmea organensis, Vriesea vagans and Vriesea philippocoburgii. It were recorded 158 species and 49 families of ground herbs. Dryopteridaceae included 11 species, followed by Araceae (10) and Orchidaceae (10). The Shannon index was 3.74 nats.ind-1. Only eight species (5.1%) were registered in all altitudes. Dryopteridaceae and Araceae presented highest importance along the slope. Lastreopsis amplissima, Anthurium acutum and Pleurostachys distichophylla had greater structural importance at 800 and 1,100 m a.s.l.. Below 600 m Philodendron propinquum, Stigmatopteris heterocarpa, Lomagramma guianensis and Dichorisandra thyrsiflora were the most important. For both synusiae it was observed the existence of two distinct floristic associations (submontane and montane), transitioning between 600 and 800 m, coincidently with the altitudinal limit between two types of climate, differentiated by the mean temperature of the warmest month (. 22o C . Cfa; . 22o C . Cfb). The structural composition of the epiphytic community was very similar at 400 and 600 m a.s.l., with richness and dominance values statistically greater (Duncan Multiple Range Test, p > 0,05) than the other altitudes. The steep topography of the higher altitudes generated a greater heterogeneity in the epiphytic structure due to its influence on the size and architecture of the phorophytes, resulting in structural differences between the 800 and 1,000 m. The structure of the herbaceous community also presented relationship with the topography. The altitudes 700, 800 and 1,100 m, all showing declivities higher than 60%, presented coverage and richness values statistically equal (Duncan Multiple Range Test, p > 0,05) among them, and different from the values observed at the 500 m, were the mean declivity is 32%. Therefore, the temperature seems to affect directly the floristic and sociologic composition of the studied synusiae, while the topographic characteristics show greater relationships with the structural variation along the slope

The muon anomalous magnetic moment: is the lattice spacing small enough?

We present new results for the light-quark connected part of the leading order hadronic-vacuum-polarization (HVP) contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment, using $2+1+1$ staggered fermions. We have collected more statistics on previous ensembles, and we added two new ensembles. This allows us to reduce statistical errors on the HVP contribution and related window quantities significantly. We also calculated the current-current correlator to next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in staggered chiralperturbation theory, so that we can correct to NNLO for finite-volume, pion-mass mistuning and taste-breaking effects. We discuss the applicability of NNLO chiral perturbation theory, emphasizing that it provides a systematic EFT approach to the HVP contribution, but not to short- or intermediate-distance window quantities. This makes it difficult to assess systematic errors on the standard intermediate-distance window quantity that is now widely considered in the literature. In view of this, we investigate a longer-distance window, for which EFT methods should be more reliable. Our most important conclusion is that new high-statistics computations at lattice spacings significantly smaller than 0.06 fm are indispensable. The ensembles we use have been generously provided by MILC and CalLat.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, contribution to the proceedings of Lattice 2022, Bonn, Germany, Aug. 202

Caracterização dendrológica da família Salicaceae em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista

A família Salicaceae é representada por espécies que podem ser de difícil identificação, especialmente na ausência de caracteres reprodutivos. Por essa razão, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar os caracteres vegetativos de espécies da família Salicaceae, visando a sua diferenciação. Para a caracterização de tronco, casca externa (CE) e casca interna (CI) foram selecionados dez indivíduos de cada espécie. Para a caracterização dos ramos e folhas foram coletados quatro ramos de três indivíduos por espécie. O gênero Xylosma diferencia-se pela presença de espinhos ramificados no caule. X. pseudosalzmanii possui folhas glabras, enquanto em X. ciliatifolia estas são pilosas. Das outras espécies pilosas, Casearia lasiophylla apresenta tricomas simples, e Banara tomentosa tem tricomas estrelados. Nas espécies com folhas glabras, não se verificam pontuações translúcidas em folhas de Banara parviflora, enquanto estas ocorrem mais concentradas na margem em Casearia obliqua e de distribuição homogênea em Casearia sylvestris e Casearia decandra; a primeira apresenta CI compacta, e a segunda possui CI laminada. Características de CE, CI, ramos e folhas mostram-se especialmente variáveis entre as espécies analisadas, tornando possível a elaboração de uma chave dicotômica para sua identificação baseada apenas em caracteres vegetativos

Model-independent parametrization of the hadronic vacuum polarization and g-2 for the muon on the lattice

The leading hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment is given by a weighted integral over euclidean momentum of the hadronic vacuum polarization. This integral is dominated by momenta of order the muon mass. Since the finite volume in lattice QCD makes it difficult to compute the vacuum polarization at a large number of low momenta with high statistics (combined with the fact that one cannot compute it at zero momentum), a parametrization of the vacuum polarization is required to extrapolate the data. A much used functional form is based on vector meson dominance, which introduces model dependence into the lattice computation of the magnetic moment. Here we introduce a model-independent extrapolation method, and present a few first tests of this new method.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figure