Bayesian pattern-mixture models for dropout and intermittently missing data in longitudinal data analysis.

Valid inference can be drawn from a random-effects model for repeated measures that are incomplete if whether the data are missing or not, known as missingness, is independent of the missing data. Data that are missing completely at random or missing at random are two data types for which missingness is ignorable. Given ignorable missingness, statistical inference can proceed without addressing the source of the missing data in the model. If the missingness is not ignorable, however, recommendations are to fit multiple models that represent different plausible explanations of the missing data. A popular choice in methods for evaluating nonignorable missingness is a random-effects pattern-mixture model that extends a random-effects model to include one or more between-subjects variables that represent fixed patterns of missing data. Generally straightforward to implement, a fixed pattern-mixture model is one among several options for assessing nonignorable missingness, and when it is used as the sole model to address nonignorable missingness, understanding the impact of missingness is greatly limited. This paper considers alternatives to a fixed pattern-mixture model for nonignorable missingness that are generally straightforward to fit and encourage researchers to give greater attention to the possible impact of nonignorable missingness in longitudinal data analysis. Patterns of both monotonic and non-monotonic (intermittently) missing data are addressed. Empirical longitudinal psychiatric data are used to illustrate the models. A small Monte Carlo data simulation study is presented to help illustrate the utility of such methods

First-interview response patterns of intensive longitudinal psychological and health data.

Self-report data are essential in health psychology research where an individual's perception is critical to understanding one's health and psychological status. Intensive data collection over time, including daily diary assessments, is necessary in understanding within- and between-person variability in health and psychological processes over time. An "initial elevation or latent decline" (IELD) effect, inherent of self-report data, is increasingly acknowledged in the social psychology literature, but awareness of this effect in health psychology research is lacking, particularly in studies that emphasize within- and between-person variability in self-reports. The IELD effect is a pattern in which responses tend to be more extreme at the initial interview relative to subsequent responses. This paper illustrates the impact of IELD in applications of mixed-effects models based on observational self-reports and concludes that researchers take such effects into account in data analysis or in the research designing phase to help mitigate such effects

Change in Depression Symptoms from High School to post-High School

Previous research has suggested that attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has the potential to negatively affect individuals throughout their lifetimes, particularly during important life transitions. Prior research, however, has been inconclusive as to whether or not ADHD impacts one’s transition from high school to after high school. To contribute to the topic, we analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), which periodically collected data from a representative sample of adolescents between 1994 and 2018 (Harris et al., 2019). This study reports on data from Wave II when participants were in high school and Wave III following participants’ completion of high school. We analyzed the change in depression symptom scores of students between Waves II and III. Using multiple linear regression, we compared the mean change in depression symptom scores according to ADHD diagnosis, college attendance, and gender, as all three factors seem to affect depression (Riglin et al., 2021; Heckhausen, 2013, Gestsdottir et al., 2015). Statistical analysis showed that attending college was significantly linked to a decrease in the severity of depression symptoms, but not whether one was diagnosed with ADHD. We also found that women and girls with and without ADHD were more likely to experience an increase in depression symptoms from high school to post-high school when compared to men and boys. More research is necessary to clarify the role of college attendance in improving the wellbeing of young adults and to explain why women struggle more with the transition between adolescence and young adulthood

Bayesian two-part multilevel model for longitudinal media use data

Multilevel models are effective marketing analytic tools that can test for consumer differences in longitudinal data. A two-part multilevel model is a special case of a multilevel model developed for semi-continuous data, such as data that include a combination of zeros and continuous values. For repeated measures of media use data, a two-part multilevel model informs market research about consumer-specific likeliness to use media, level of use across time, and variation in use over time. These models are typically estimated using maximum likelihood. There are, however, tremendous advantages to using a Bayesian framework, including the ease at which the analyst can take into account information learned from previous investigations. This paper develops a Bayesian approach to estimating a two-part multilevel model and illustrates its use by applying the model to daily diary measures of television use in a large US sample

A Latent Variable Mixed-Effects Location Scale Model with an Application to Daily Diary Data.

A mixed-effects location scale model allows researchers to study within- and between-person variation in repeated measures. Key components of the model include separate variance models to study predictors of the within-person variance, as well as predictors of the between-person variance of a random effect, such as a random intercept. In this paper, a latent variable mixed-effects location scale model is developed that combines a longitudinal common factor model and a mixed-effects location scale model to characterize within- and between-person variation in a common factor. The model is illustrated using daily reports of positive affect and daily stressors for a large sample of adult women. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11336-022-09864-8

sj-docx-1-hpq-10.1177_13591053241235751 – Supplemental material for First-interview response patterns of intensive longitudinal psychological and health data

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-hpq-10.1177_13591053241235751 for First-interview response patterns of intensive longitudinal psychological and health data by Shelley A Blozis in Journal of Health Psychology</p

A latent variable mixed-effects location scale model that also considers between-person differences in the autocorrelation.

In public health research an increasing number of studies is conducted in which intensive longitudinal data is collected in an experience sampling or a daily diary design. Typically, the resulting data is analyzed with a mixed-effects model or mixed-effects location scale model because they allow one to examine a host of interesting longitudinal research questions. Here, we introduce an extension of the mixed-effects location scale model in which measurement error of the observed variables is considered by a latent factor model and in which-in addition to the mean-or location-related effects-the residual variance of the latent factor and the parameters of the autoregressive process of this latent factor can differ between persons. We show how to estimate the parameters of the model with a maximum likelihood approach, whose performance is also compared with a Bayesian approach in a small simulation study. We illustrate the models using a real data example and end with a discussion in which we suggest questions for future research