High Nitrogen Costs of Dairy Production in Europe: Worsened by Intensification

Intensification of agriculture has been proposed as one way of minimizing emissions per unit of product, apparently legitimizing the ongoing structural changes in agriculture. We have investigated the relationship between the farming intensity and the nitrogen (N) dissipation by calculating the overall N emission factor (E: total N surplus per unit of N in the produce) from several studies of dairy farms, covering a wide range of environments and production intensities. Fundamental steps were 1) the distinction between trophic levels, mineral, plant and animal N; and 2) the inclusion of N losses related to bought feed. The results show that E increases significantly with the production intensity of the dairy farm. The tradition for separate optimization of the animal and crop sectors may be a reason. We suggest that the N pollution can be mitigated by more extensive farming, both by re-coupling crop and animal production side by side, and by keeping land under cultivation when production is reduced

Effekt av gjødsling og kjørebelastning på lystgassproduksjon

Lystgass (N20) er en viktig bidragsyter til den globale oppvarmingen. Kombinasjonen kjøreskadd, våt jord og rikelige mengder lettløselig nitrogen er svært uheldig og har i enkelte år ført til tap av nitrogen og stor lystgassproduksjon selv ved bruk av moderate mengder kunstgjødsel og moderat kjørebelastning

Lite nitrogentap fra mjølkegarder som baserer seg på egen fôrprodukjson

Tap av nitrogen (N) er et stort problem i landbruket, og i Europeiske direktiver blir det krevd forandring i landbrukspraksis for å redusere avrenningen. Ekstensiv mjølkeproduksjonen basert på heimeprodusert fôr er den mest effektive måten å bedre N-effektiviteten på. N-effektiviteten på gardsnivå reduseres dersom innkjøpet av fôr er høgt i forhold til planteproduksjonspotensialet på garden

Integrating Economics and Ecology

SupplementThis report documents the results from an analysis of policy measures to reduce losses of nitrogen, phosphorus and soil from the agricultural sector to the environment. These kinds of losses are nonpoint, and standard emission oriented policy measures like effluent taxes are prohibitively costly to use. The policy altematives are therefore to regulate the input of potentially polluting substances - in this case reduce the use of fertilizers, to prescribe changes in agronomic practices as conducted on the farm or to change product prices. Principally this study analyzes the effects of these types of regulations, their ability to reduce losses of nutrients and soil, and the private and social costs thereby invoked

Effekt av kløverart og høstetid på innhold og sammensetning av fettsyrer

Effekten av kløverart og høstetid på innhold og sammensetning av fettsyrer i avlingen fra økologisk kløvereng ble undersøkt. Kløverart påvirket ikke innholdet av fettsyrer men økende innhold av rødkløver økte andelen av alfalinolensyre. Tidlig 1. slått førte til høyere innhold av fettsyrer og større andel av alfalinolensyre enn normal høstetid

Effect of green manure management on barley yields and N-recovery

Mulching of GM herbage can increase cereal yields compared to its removal. However, the same GM herbage removed for biogas production will provide biogas residue that can be used as spring fertilizer to cereals. This will improve N-recovery and reduce the risk for N pollution. Cooperation with existing biogas plants will be more efficient, as building small biogas plants are costly and challenging

Species interactions in a grassland mixture under low nitrogen fertilization and two cutting frequencies II:Nutritional quality

Mixtures and pure stands of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, white clover and red clover were grown in a three-cut and a five-cut system in southern Norway, at a low fertilization rate (100 kg N ha−1 year−1). The nutritional quality (annual weighted averages) of the dried forage from the two-first harvesting years was analysed. There was no significant effect of species diversity on crude protein (CP) concentration. In the three-cut system, we found a significant species diversity effect leading to 10% higher concentrations of acid detergent fibre (ADF), 20–22% lower concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and 4% lower net energy for lactation (NEL) concentrations in mixtures compared with pure stands (averaged across the two-first years). In the five-cut system, similar effects were seen in the first year only. This diversity effect was associated with a reduction in WSC and NEL concentrations and an increase in ADF, NDF and CP concentrations in the grass species, and not in red clover, when grown in mixtures. This is thought to be a combined result of better N availability and more shading in the mixtures. Species diversity reduced the intra-annual variability in nutritional quality in both cutting systems.acceptedVersio

Making Nanosized CHA Zeolites with Controlled Al Distribution for Optimizing Methanol-to-Olefin Performance

[EN] From theoretical calculations and a rational synthesis methodology, it has been possible to prepare nanocrystalline (60-80 nm) chabazite with an optimized framework Al distribution that has a positive impact on its catalytic properties. This is exemplified for the methanol-to-olefin (MTO) process. The nanosized material with the predicted Al distribution maximizes the formation of the required MTO hydrocarbon pool intermediates, while better precluding excessive diffusion pathways that favor the rapid catalyst deactivation by coke formation.This work has been supported by the EU through ERC-AdG-2014-671093, by the Spanish Government-MINECO through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV-2016-0683) and MAT2015-71261-R, and by the Fundacion Ramon Areces through a research contract of the "Life and Materials Science" program. E.M.G. acknowledges "La Caixa-Severo Ochoa" International PhD Fellowships (call 2015), C.L. acknowledges China Scholarship Council (CSC) for a Ph.D fellowship, and N.M. thanks MINECO for a pre-doctoral fellowship (BES-2013-064347). Red Espanola de Supercomputacion (RES) and Centre de Calcul de la Universitat de Valencia are gratefully acknowledged for computational resources.Gallego-Sánchez, EM.; Li, C.; Paris, C.; Martín-García, N.; Martínez-Triguero, J.; Boronat Zaragoza, M.; Moliner Marin, M.... (2018). Making Nanosized CHA Zeolites with Controlled Al Distribution for Optimizing Methanol-to-Olefin Performance. Chemistry - A European Journal. 24(55):14631-14635. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201803637S14631146352455Tian, P., Wei, Y., Ye, M., & Liu, Z. (2015). Methanol to Olefins (MTO): From Fundamentals to Commercialization. ACS Catalysis, 5(3), 1922-1938. doi:10.1021/acscatal.5b00007Olsbye, U., Svelle, S., Bjørgen, M., Beato, P., Janssens, T. V. W., Joensen, F., … Lillerud, K. P. 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