Does labour market disadvantage help to explain why childhood circumstances are related to quality of life at older ages? Results from SHARE

There is robust evidence that childhood circumstances are related to quality of life in older ages, but the role of possible intermediate factors is less explored. In this paper, we examine to what extent associations between deprived childhood circumstances and quality of life at older ages are due to experienced labour market disadvantage during adulthood. Analyses are based on the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), with detailed retrospective information on individual life courses collected among 10,272 retired men and women in 13 European countries (2008-2009). Our assumption is that those who have spent their childhood in deprived circumstances may also have had more labour market disadvantage with negative consequences for quality of life beyond working life. Results demonstrate that advantaged circumstances during childhood are associated with lower levels of labour market disadvantage and higher quality of life in older ages. Furthermore, results of multivariate analyses support the idea that part of the association between childhood circumstances and later quality of life is explained by labour market disadvantage during adulthood

Chical Area On-Site Wastewater Treatment System Management Pueble of Isleta, New Mexico

On-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) have been utilized to provide treatment and disposal for the Chical Area of the Pueblo of Isleta for over 30 years. The OWTS technology used here primarily consists of septic tanks and absorption fields. The groundwater below the Chical Area is a highly valued resource by the Isleta Pueblo, but the hydrogeology makes it vulnerable to contamination from OWTS. Most of these systems have been installed with the assistance from the Indian Health Service. However, Isleta has not developed a plan or management program to ensure that these OWTS are properly sited, constructed, operated or maintained. Over this time, the number of septic systems has increased and the trend continues due to unregulated housing development on the irrigated lands in the Chical Area. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports nationally that septic systems are utilized by 25% of existing homes and 33% of new homes. The more alarming statistics are that up to 30% fail annually and over 50% are over 30 years old (EPA, 2003). All homes in the Chical Area utilize septic systems and many existing systems are over 30 years old. In 2003, the EPA published its Voluntary National Guidelines for Management of Onsite and Clustered (Decentralized) Wastewater Treatment Systems (Management Guidelines). The intent of these guidelines is, to improve the performance of decentralized wastewater systems through better management. This guidance is applicable to tribal government and their communities to improve OWTS management programs. Implementation of these guidelines will help insure that individual wastewater treatment systems function properly to protect public health, the environment, and water resources. The objective of this professional project report was to identify and recommend an OWTS management plan for the Chical Area and the Pueblo of Isleta. Five Conceptual Models from the EPA. Management Guidelines were reviewed and those management components found applicable were integrated to form the Chical Area OWTS Management Plan. Recommended management components include: 1) inventorying and evaluating OWTS performance and creating a data base; 2) OWTS are properly sited, designed, and constructed; 3) OWTS are periodically inspected and repaired when necessary; 4) professionally trained personnel perform system operation and maintenance service; and 5)the design of the OWTS is determined by performance criteria. The management components are to be implemented through a Tribal OWTS Management Program that assesses a fee for the O&M service to be provided

An Invisible Quantum Tripwire

We present here a quantum tripwire, which is a quantum optical interrogation technique capable of detecting an intrusion with very low probability of the tripwire being revealed to the intruder. Our scheme combines interaction-free measurement with the quantum Zeno effect in order to interrogate the presence of the intruder without interaction. The tripwire exploits a curious nonlinear behaviour of the quantum Zeno effect we discovered, which occurs in a lossy system. We also employ a statistical hypothesis testing protocol, allowing us to calculate a confidence level of interaction-free measurement after a given number of trials. As a result, our quantum intruder alert system is robust against photon loss and dephasing under realistic atmospheric conditions and its design minimizes the probabilities of false positives and false negatives as well as the probability of becoming visible to the intruder.Comment: Improved based on reviewers comments; 5 figure

Labour force transitions and changes in quality of life at age 50 to 55 years: evidence from a birth cohort study

In the context of an ageing population and longer working lives, the impact of increasing rates of early exit from the labour force on quality of life is a particularly current concern. However, relatively little is known about the impact on quality of life of later life labour force transitions and various forms of early exit from the labour force, compared to remaining in employment. This paper examines life course labour force trajectories and transitions in relation to change in quality of life prior to the State Pension Age. Life course data on early life circumstances, labour force trajectories and labour force transitions from 3,894 women and 3,528 men in the National Child Development Study (1958 British Birth Cohort) were examined in relation to change in quality of life, measured by a short-form version of CASP, between ages 50 and 55 years. Women and men differed in the types of labour force transition associated with positive change in quality of life, with men more frequent beneficiaries. For both men and women, labour force exit due to being sick or disabled was associated with a negative change in quality of life, whereas joining the labour force was associated with a positive change in quality of life. Moving into retirement was associated with a positive change in men’s quality of life, but not women’s. Moving from full-time to part-time employment was associated with a positive change in women’s quality of life, but not men’s. The findings that stand out for their policy relevance are: the threat to the quality of life of both women and men from early labour force exit due to limiting longstanding illness; and, women are less likely to experience beneficial labour force exit in the later years of their working life, but are more likely to benefit from a reduction in working hours

Early Adversity and Late Life Employment History—A Sequence Analysis Based on SHARE

Numerous studies have linked poor socioeconomic circumstances during working life with early retirement. Few studies, however, have summarized entire patterns of employment histories and tested their links to social position at earlier stages of the life course. Therefore, this article summarizes types of late life employment histories and tests their associations with adversity both during childhood and early adulthood. We use data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with retrospective life history data on 5,857 older men and women across 14 countries. Employment histories are studied with annual information on the employment situation between ages 50 and 70. To summarize employment histories we apply sequence analysis and group histories into 8 clusters with similar histories. Most of these clusters are dominated by full-time employees, with retirement before, at or after age 60. Additionally, we find clusters that are dominated by self-employment and comparatively late retirement. The remaining clusters are marked by part-time work, continuous domestic work, or discontinuous histories that include unemployment before retirement. Results of multinomial regressions (accounting for country affiliation and adjusted for potential confounders) show that early adversity is linked to full-time employment ending in retirement at age 60 or earlier and to discontinuous histories (in the case of women), but not to histories of self-employment. In sum, we find that histories of employees with early retirement and discontinuous histories are part of larger trajectories of disadvantage throughout the life course, supporting the idea of cumulative disadvantage in life course research

Rapid surfactant-free synthesis of Mg(OH)2 nanoplates and pseudomorphic dehydration to MgO

Magnesium hydroxide nanoplates ca. 50 nm in thickness can be prepared over minute timescales via hydrothermal synthesis in a multimode cavity (MMC) microwave reactor. This approach allows ca. 1 g of single-phase Mg(OH)2 to be synthesised in under 3 minutes without the requirement of surfactants or non-aqueous solvents. The hydroxide nanomaterial dehydrates at temperatures >200 K below that of the equivalent bulk material and can be utilised as a precursor for the pseudomorphic synthesis of nanoplates of MgO as investigated by TG-DTA-MS, XRD and SEM measurements. Equally, the pseudomorphic synthesis can be performed by irradiating the Mg(OH)2 nanomaterial with microwaves for 6 minutes to produce single phase MgO

Prospectus, September 19, 2001

https://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_2001/1023/thumbnail.jp

Who in Europe works beyond the state pension age and under which conditions? Results from SHARE

There is much research about those who exit the labour market prematurely, however, comparatively little is known about people working longer and about their employment and working conditions. In this paper, we describe the employment and working conditions of men and women working between 65 and 80 years, and compare them with previous conditions of those retired in the same age group. Analyses are based on wave 4 data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with information collected between 2009 and 2011 from 17,625 older men and women across 16 European countries. Besides socio-demographic and health-related factors (physical and mental health), the focus lies on employment conditions (e.g. employment status, occupational position and working hours) and on stressful working conditions, measured in terms of low control at work and effort-reward imbalance. In case of retired people, information on working conditions refer to the last job before retirement. Following descriptive analyses, we then conduct multivariable analyses and investigate how working conditions and poor health are related to labour market participation (i.e. random intercept models accounting for country affiliation and adjusted for potential confounders). Results illustrate that people working between the ages of 65 and 80 are more likely to be self-employed (either with or without employees) and work in advantaged occupational positions. Furthermore, findings reveal that psychosocial working conditions are generally better than the conditions retired respondents had in their last job. Finally, in contrast to those who work, health tends to be worse among retired people. In conclusion, findings deliver empirical evidence that paid employment beyond age 65 is more common among self-employed workers throughout Europe, in advantaged occupations and under-favourable psychosocial circumstances, and that this group of workers are in considerably good mental and physical health. This highlights that policies aimed at increasing the state pension age beyond the age of 65 years put pressure on specific disadvantaged groups of men and women