Association of Maternal age 35 years and over and prenatal care utilization, preterm birth, and low birth weight, Mexico 2008–2019

Objective: We compared prenatal care utilization, preterm birth, and low birth weight neonates among women 35 years and older compared to women 20-34 years old in Mexico, 2008-2019. Methods: We used birth certificate data and conducted a historical cohort study of all singleton live births in Mexico from 2008-2019. Study outcomes were inadequate prenatal care (timing of initiation of care and number of visits), preterm birth, and low birth weight. We compared outcomes among women 35-39, 40-44, and 45-49 with births to women 20-34. We used logistic regression to account for individual and contextual confounders. Results: We included a total of N=19,526,922 births; 11.9% (n=2,325,725) were to women 35 and older. Compared to women aged 20 to 34, the oldest (45-49 years old) were more likely to reside in poorer communities, have less education, and be uninsured. The odds of inadequate prenatal care (aOR 1.12 95% CI 1.09-1.15 p Conclusion: Women who deliver at 35 years old and over are a heterogeneous group in Mexico. Being 35 years old and older is associated with increases in preterm birth and low birth weight neonates. Women who give birth between 45-49 may be especially vulnerable

Awareness of the Public Charge, Confidence in Knowledge, and the use of public healthcare programs among Mexican-origin Oregon Latino/as

Objective We describe awareness about the modified “public charge” rule among Oregon’s Mexican-origin Latino/a population and whether concerns about the rule influenced disenrollment from state-funded programs, which do not fall under the public charge. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of adults (ages 18–59) recruited at the Mexican consulate and living in the state of Oregon. Our outcomes were awareness (of the public charge, source of knowledge, and confidence in knowledge of the public charge) and disenrolling self or family members from state-funded public healthcare programs due to concerns about the rule. We described outcomes and used logistic regression and calculated adjusted probabilities to identify factors associated with awareness of the public charge. Results Of 498 Latino/a respondents, 48% reported awareness of the public charge. Among those who knew about the public charge, 14.6% had disenrolled themselves or family members from public healthcare programs and 12.1% were hesitant to seek care due to concerns about the public charge. Younger respondents had a lower adjusted probability of awareness of the public charge (18–24 years: 15.6% (95% CI 3.1–28.2); 30–39 years 54.9% (95% CI 47.7– 62.0). Higher education was associated with a higher adjusted probability of awareness of the public charge; ability to speak English was not associated with awareness of the public charge. Conclusion Our study reveals limited awareness about the public charge among Mexican-origin Oregon Latino/as. Outreach and advocacy are essential to ensure Latino/as know their rights to access available state-funded healthcare programs

Pregnancy Intendedness by Maternal Disability Status and Type in the United States

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154611/1/psrh12130.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154611/2/psrh12130_am.pd

The Gap in Human Resources to Deliver the Guaranteed Package of Prevention and Health Promotion Services at Urban and Rural Primary Care Facilities in Mexico

Background: The purpose of this study was to estimate the gap between the available and the ideal supply of human resources (physicians, nurses, and health promoters) to deliver the guaranteed package of prevention and health promotion services at urban and rural primary care facilities in Mexico. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study using a convenience sample. We selected 20 primary health facilities in urban and rural areas in 10 states of Mexico. We calculated the available and the ideal supply of human resources in these facilities using estimates of time available, used, and required to deliver health prevention and promotion services. We performed descriptive statistics and bivariate hypothesis testing using Wilcoxon and Friedman tests. Finally, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to test whether the non-normal distribution of our time variables biased estimation of available and ideal supply of human resources. Results: The comparison between available and ideal supply for urban and rural primary health care facilities reveals a low supply of physicians. On average, primary health care facilities are lacking five physicians when they were estimated with time used and nine if they were estimated with time required (P \u3c 0.05). No difference was observed between available and ideal supply of nurses in either urban or rural primary health care facilities. There is a shortage of health promoters in urban primary health facilities (P \u3c 0.05). Conclusion: The available supply of physicians and health promoters is lower than the ideal supply to deliver the guaranteed package of prevention and health promotion services. Policies must address the level and distribution of human resources in primary health facilities

Access to abortion under the heath exception: a comparative analysis in three countries

Background Despite Britain, Colombia, and some Mexican states sharing a health exception within their abortion laws, access to abortion under the health exception varies widely. This study examines factors that result in heterogeneous application of similar health exception laws and consequences for access to legal abortion. Our research adds to previous literature by comparing implementation of similar abortion laws across countries to identify strategies for full implementation of the health exception. Methods We conducted a cross-country comparative descriptive study synthesizing data from document and literature review, official abortion statistics, and interviews with key informants. We gathered information on the use and interpretation of the health exception in the three countries from peer-reviewed literature, court documents, and grey literature. We next extracted public and private abortion statistics to understand the application of the law in each setting. We used a matrix to synthesize information and identify key factors in the use of the law. We conducted in-depth interviews with doctors and experts familiar with the health exception laws in each country and analyzed the qualitative data based on the previously identified factors. Results The health exception is used broadly in Britain, somewhat in Colombia, and very rarely in Mexican states. We identified five factors as particularly salient to application of the health exception in each setting: 1) comprehensiveness of the law including explicit mention of mental health, 2) a strong public health sector that funds abortion, 3) knowledge of and attitudes toward the health exception law, including guidelines for physicians in providing abortion, 4) dissemination of information about the health exception law, and 5) a history of court cases that protect women and clarify the health exception law. Conclusions The health exception is a valuable tool for expanding access to legal abortion. Differences in the use of the health exception as an indication for legal abortion result in wide access for women in Britain to nearly no access in Mexican states. Our findings highlight the difference between theoretical and real access to legal abortion. The interpretation and application of the health exception law are pivotal to expanding real access to abortion

Con la ley y sin la ley/ With and without the law: Utilization of abortion services and case fatality in Mexico, 2000–2016

El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la utilización de los servicios de salud y los casos fatales producto de los eventos abortivos a través del sistema de salud mexicano. El acceso al aborto inducido sigue siendo altamente restringido en México. En la Ciudad de México, se despenalizó el aborto inducido en el primer trimestre en 2007, y los servicios estuvieron disponibles de inmediato tanto en el sector público bajo el programa Interrupción Legal de Embarazo (ILE) como en el sector privado. La ley de aborto inducido se determina en el nivel estatal en México. La ley del aborto fuera de la ciudad de México (31 estados), la ley del aborto varía. El acceso al aborto inducido bajo la excepción de violación ha sido legal en todo el país desde 2016. Sin embargo, en las instalaciones de salud de todo Méxicos, se realiza abortos cuando están los casos están contemplados en la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades 10 revisión (CIE-10) código O00-O08(embarazo ectópico y molar, espontáneo, aborto incompleto e inducido. La letalidad debida a eventos abortivos representa un subconjunto de muertes por causas obstétricas directas totales. Se anticipa que la letalidad aumentará a medida que aumente las situaciones donde los eventos abortivos son muy inseguros, los pacientes están muy enfermos y / o la atención médica es de deficiente calidad. Por el contrario, se esperaría una disminución de la mortalidad en caso de utilización aumenta en situaciones donde los abortos son "menos inseguros", la salud sea menos complicada, el acceso a los servicios mejore y / o exista atención de mejor calidad. Es importante documentar tanto la utilización como los resultados de la gama de servicios de aborto que se brindan en todo el público con la finalidad de proporcionar evidencia para guiar la prestación de servicios y la formulación de políticas.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ijg

Utilisation of second-trimester spontaneous and induced abortion services in public hospitals in Mexico, 2007–2015

Describe las tendencias temporales y geográficas en la utilización de servicios de aborto en el segundo trimestre dentro de las instalaciones en todo México. Utiliza datos del 2007-2015 del Sistema Automatizado de alta hospitalaria de México (SAEH) para identificar eventos abortivos en el segundo trimestre (ICD O02-O08) en hospitales públicos en los 32 estados de México. Describe la utilización, calcula las tasas utilizando datos de población y utilizamos la regresión logística para identificar los factores a nivel estatal y de la mujer (marginación a nivel municipal, ley de aborto a nivel estatal) asociados con la utilización de los servicios del segundo trimestre versus los del primer trimestre. Identifica 145 956 abortos en el segundo trimestre, o el 13.4% del total de hospitalizaciones documentadas por aborto entre 2007 y 2015. La tasa de utilización anual del aborto en el segundo trimestre se mantuvo constante, entre 0.5 y 0.6 por 1000 mujeres de 15 a 44 años. Las mujeres que viven en municipios altamente marginados tenían 1.43 probabilidades más altas de utilizar servicios de aborto en su segundo trimestre que en el primer trimestre, en comparación con las mujeres en municipios con baja marginación (IC del 95%: 1.18 a 1.73). Vivir en un estado con una excepción de salud o anomalía fetal a las restricciones de aborto no se asoció con una mayor utilización de los servicios de aborto en el segundo trimestre. Los resultados sugieren que existe la necesidad de todos los tipos de servicios de aborto en el segundo trimestre en México. Para mejorar los resultados de salud para las mujeres mexicanas, especialmente las más vulnerables, se debe garantizar el acceso a servicios de aborto seguro en el segundo trimestre mediante la implementación de las excepciones legales actuales y una atención renovada a la capacitación de los proveedores de atención médica

The relationship of age and place of delivery with postpartum contraception prior to discharge in Mexico: A retrospective cohort study

AbstractObjectivesTo test the association of age (adolescents vs. older women) and place of delivery with receipt of immediate postpartum contraception in Mexico.Study designRetrospective cohort study, Mexico, nationally representative sample of women 12–39years old at last delivery. We used multivariable logistic regression to test the association of self-reported receipt of postpartum contraception prior to discharge with age and place of delivery (public, employment based, private, or out of facility). We included individual and household-level confounders and calculated relative and absolute multivariable estimates of association.ResultsOur analytic sample included 7022 women (population, N=9,881,470). Twenty percent of the population was 12–19years old at last birth, 55% aged 20–29 and 25% 30–39years old. Overall, 43% of women reported no postpartum contraceptive method. Age was not significantly associated with receipt of a method, controlling for covariates. Women delivering in public facilities had lower odds of receipt of a method (Odds Ratio=0.52; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=0.40–0.68) compared with employment-based insurance facilities. We estimated 76% (95% CI=74–78%) of adolescents (12–19years) who deliver in employment-based insurance facilities leave with a method compared with 59% (95% CI=56–62%) who deliver in public facilities.ConclusionBoth adolescents and women ages 20–39 receive postpartum contraception, but nearly half of all women receive no method. Place of delivery is correlated with receipt of postpartum contraception, with lower rates in the public sector. Lessons learned from Mexico are relevant to other countries seeking to improve adolescent health through reducing unintended pregnancy.ImplicationsAdolescents receive postpartum contraception as often as older women in Mexico, but half of all women receive no method

Parental perceptions of the outcome and meaning of normalization

The purpose of this secondary analysis was to identify the meaning of normalization for parents of a child with a chronic genetic condition. The sample was comprised of 28 families (48 parents), selected to reflect two groups: Normalization Present (NP) and Normalization Absent (NA). Constant comparison analysis was used to identify themes characterizing parents' perceptions of the meaning of normalization. The meanings parents attributed to normalization reflected their evaluation of condition management, parenting role, and condition impact, with parents in the NP and NA groups demonstrating distinct patterns of meaning. These meaning patterns are discussed as an outcome of normalization. Providers can play a pivotal role in helping families achieve normalization by providing guidance on how to balance condition management with normal family life

Atención prenatal en grupo: efectividad y retos de su implementación

Group prenatal care is an alternative model of care during pregnancy, replacing standard individual prenatal care. The model has shown maternal benefits and has been implemented in different contexts. We conducted a narrative review of the literature in relation to its effectiveness, using databases such as PubMed, EBSCO, Science Direct, Wiley Online and Springer for the period 2002 to 2018. In addition, we discussed the challenges and solutions of its implementation based on our experience in Mexico. Group prenatal care may improve prenatal knowledge and use of family planning services in the postpartum period. The model has been implemented in more than 22 countries and there are challenges to its implementation related to both supply and demand. Supply-side challenges include staff, material resources and organizational issues; demand-side challenges include recruitment and retention of participants, adaptation of material, and perceived privacy. We highlight specific solutions that can be applied in diverse health systems.La atención prenatal en grupo es un modelo alternativo de atención durante el embarazo, que sustituye la atención prenatal individual estándar. El modelo ha mostrado beneficios maternos y se ha implementado en diferentes contextos. Llevamos a cabo una revisión narrativa de la literatura en relación a su efectividad, utilizando bases de datos como PubMed, EBSCO, Science Direct, Wiley Online y la editorial Springer, para el periodo 2002 a 2018. Adicionalmente, discutimos los retos y soluciones de su implementación desde nuestra experiencia en México. La atención prenatal en grupo puede mejorar el conocimiento prenatal y el uso de servicios de planificación familiar en el postparto. El modelo se ha implementado en más de 22 países y existen retos de su implementación desde la oferta y la demanda. Los retos desde la oferta incluyen al personal, recursos materiales y cuestiones organizacionales; desde la demanda, el reclutamiento y retención de participantes, adaptación del material y privacidad percibida. Resaltamos soluciones concretas que pueden aplicar a diversos sistemas de salud