A test to discover where pupils make mistakes in word problems in algebra

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University, 1947. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

Community hospitals – the place of local service provision in a modernising NHS: an integrative thematic literature review

Background: Recent developments within the United Kingdom's (UK) health care system have reawakened interest in community hospitals (CHs) and their role in the provision of health care. This integrative literature review sought to identify and assess the current evidence base for CHs. Methods: A range of electronic reference databases were searched from January 1984 to either December 2004 or February 2005: Medline, Embase, Web of Knowledge, BNI, CINAHL, HMIC, ASSIA, PsychInfo, SIGLE, Dissertation Abstracts, Cochrane Library, Kings Fund website, using both keywords and text words. Thematic analysis identified recurrent themes across the literature; narrative analyses were written for each theme, identifying unifying concepts and discrepant issues. Results: The search strategy identified over 16,000 international references. We included papers of any study design focussing on hospitals in which care was led principally by general practitioners or nurses. Papers from developing countries were excluded. A review of titles revealed 641 potentially relevant references; abstract appraisal identified 161 references for review. During data extraction, a further 48 papers were excluded, leaving 113 papers in the final review. The most common methodological approaches were cross-sectional/descriptive studies, commentaries and expert opinion. There were few experimental studies, systematic reviews, economic studies or studies that reported on longer-term outcomes. The key themes identified were origin and location of CHs; their place in the continuum of care; services provided; effectiveness, efficiency and equity of CHs; and views of patients and staff. In general, there was a lack of robust evidence for the role of CHs, which is partly due to the ad hoc nature of their development and lack of clear strategic vision for their future. Evidence for the effectiveness and efficiency of the services provided was limited. Most people admitted to CHs appeared to be older, suggesting that admittance to CHs was age-related rather than condition-related. Conclusion: Overall the literature surveyed was long on opinion and short of robust studies on CHs. While lack of evidence on CHs does not imply lack of effect, there is an urgent need to develop a research agenda that addresses the key issues of health care delivery in the CH setting

Deaths and Disappearances on Migration Journeys in North and Central America

More than 5,000 deaths and disappearances during migration across Central and North America and the Caribbean have been recorded since 2014, though many more likely go undocumented. This crisis of migrant deaths is well-publicized in some areas but poorly covered in others. This briefing provides an overview of data collected in/on the Americas2 by IOM’s Missing Migrants Project (MMP), which since 2014 has documented deaths and disappearances during migration worldwide. This briefing begins with a discussion of the many challenges of documenting migrant deaths in the Americas, and the urgent need to collect better data on those who lose their lives while transiting in the region. Without robust data, effective policies and programmes aimed at promoting safe migration for all remain out of reach, and the information needed to provide closure to the countless families directly impacted by a relative’s disappearance remains missing

Cesarean section at full dilatation in the first birth is not associated with an increased risk of subsequent miscarriage : a historical cohort study

Acknowledgements Sincere thanks to all at the Aberdeen Maternity Neonatal Databank (AMND) and Aberdeen data safe haven (DaSH). Thank you to the Glasgow Children’s Hospital Charity who funded this research. A substantial acknowledgement for the contribution to planning this work must go to our late colleague Dr Sohinee Bhattacharya, University of Aberdeen.Peer reviewe

Risk of spontaneous preterm birth elevated after first cesarean delivery at full dilatation : a retrospective cohort study of over 30,000 women

OA via the Elsevier Agreement This study was funded by the Glasgow Children’s Hospital Charity (GCHC). Funding Information: We sincerely thank Joanne Lumsden, PhD, and her team at the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank, in particular Diane Brown, MSc. This study was funded by a small research grant from the Glasgow Children's Hospital Charity (Grant ID:GCHC/SPG/2019/08)Peer reviewe

Fast plants and gene x environment interactions for the Biology 202 laboratory

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability for a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes in response to environmental variation. The phenotypic plasticity of a genotype is described by its norm of reaction, and norms of reaction for different genotypes might suggest that each is favored by a different environment. In this experiment, we established a fertility gradient and produced norms of reaction for a variety of measures of plant performance using two strains of Wisconsin Fast Plants (“Astro” and “Dwarf”). The Dwarf variety performed best at low fertility levels, while the Astro variety performed best at high fertility levels. Using these results, we predicted that if Dwarf and Astro varieties were allowed to compete, their relative success would correspond to the differences in their norms of reaction. This prediction seemed to be supported when competition involved one plant of each variety, but when two plants of each variety competed, Astro generally performed best across the fertility gradient. With further improvement, this system can provide an opportunity for students to generate and test predictions regarding phenotypic plasticity in introductory biology laboratories

More Than Peer Production: Fanfiction Communities as Sites of Distributed Mentoring

From Harry Potter to American Horror Story, fanfiction is extremely popular among young people. Sites such as Fanfiction.net host millions of stories, with thousands more posted each day. Enthusiasts are sharing their writing and reading stories written by others. Exactly how does a generation known more for videogame expertise than long-form writing become so engaged in reading and writing in these communities? Via a nine-month ethnographic investigation of fanfiction communities that included participant observation, interviews, a thematic analysis of 4,500 reader reviews and an in-depth case study of a discussion group, we found that members of fanfiction communities spontaneously mentor each other in open forums, and that this mentoring builds upon previous interactions in a way that is distinct from traditional forms of mentoring and made possible by the affordances of networked publics. This work extends and develops the theory of distributed mentoring. Our findings illustrate how distributed mentoring supports fanfiction authors as they work to develop their writing skills. We believe distributed mentoring holds potential for supporting learning in a variety of formal and informal learning environments