Forms and Reforms of Whoredom: Notes on the Sociology of Prostitution and Moral Enterprise

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50800/1/15.pd

Interrogation and the Criminal Process

The relative absence of formal provision for the resolution of conflict among organizations in the American legal system results in each one controlling others in the system through constraints on the processing of people and information as inputs to their own organization. This paper focuses on the specific case where the courts attempt to control the behavior of the police through the exclusionary rule, particularly as set forth in the Miranda decision. Data on interrogations of suspects in field patrol settings show that arresting officers always had evidence apart from the inter rogation itself as a basis for arrest. It would appear that the introduction of Miranda-type warnings into field settings would have relatively little effect on the liability of suspects to crimi nal charges, particularly in felony cases, assuming current police behavior with respect to arrest.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68032/2/10.1177_000271626737400105.pd

Police Control of Juveniles

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50831/1/47.pd

Passing as Deviant: Methodological Problems and Tactics

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50821/1/36.pd

Planetary astronomy

The authors profile the field of astronomy, identify some of the key scientific questions that can be addressed during the decade of the 1990's, and recommend several facilities that are critically important for answering these questions. Scientific opportunities for the 1990' are discussed. Areas discussed include protoplanetary disks, an inventory of the solar system, primitive material in the solar system, the dynamics of planetary atmospheres, planetary rings and ring dynamics, the composition and structure of the atmospheres of giant planets, the volcanoes of IO, and the mineralogy of the Martian surface. Critical technology developments, proposed projects and facilities, and recommendations for research and facilities are discussed

The Aquatic Toxicity of Organic Compounds to Embryo-Larval Stages of Fish and Amphibians

Aquatic toxicity tests were conducted on 11 organic compounds considered hazardous to water resources. The toxicity of each compound was evaluated using embryo-larval stages of two to eight fish and amphibian species. Exposure was initiated at fertilization and maintained through 4 days posthatching. The animal test species exhibited varying degrees of sensitivity to the selected toxicants. Combined frequencies for mortality and teratogenesis at 4 days posthatching gave LC50 ranges of 3.66 to 8.25 mg/L for benzene, 1.16 to 22.42 mg/L for carbon tetrachloride, 0.11 to 1.20 mg/L for chlorobenzene, 2.03 to \u3e 68 mg/L for chloroform, 3.01 to 5.56 mg/L for 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 2.54 to .34 mg/L for 1,2-dichloroethane, 13.16 to \u3e 48 mg/L for methylene chloride, 0.002 to 0.64 mg/L for nitrobenzene, 0.04 to .32 mg/L for phenol, 0.02 to 0.85 mg/L for toluene, and 3.53 to 3.77 mg/L for m-xylene. The species which exhibited the greatest susceptibility to organic compounds were the rainbow trout, Rana pipiens, and Rana temporaria. The more sensitive amphibian species generally were those which normaly are restricted to aquatic or moist terrestrial habitats, whereas the more tolerant amphibians included those semi-aquatic and terrestrial species which appear to be more broadly adapted ecologically. Of the 11 test compounds, nitrobenzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, and phenol were the most toxic. The least toxic organics included dichloroethane and methylene chloride. For three chlorinated alkanes, including methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), chloroform (CHCl3), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), toxicity was found to 1ncrease with the degree of chlorination. Concerning several aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene always was found to be less toxic than its monosubstituted analogs. Toxicity of the 11 compounds was further evaluated by calculating toxicant concentrations which produced embryo-larval mortality and/or teratogenesis at frequencies of 10% (LC10) and 1% (LC1). The LC values, used to estimate toxicity thresholds, ranged from \u3c 0.l for nitrobenzene to 69.9 μg/L for methylene chloride. A limited number of toxicity tests were performed to determine whether embryo-larval bioassays are suitable to assess effects of transitory chemical exposures, such as those resulting from intermittent discharges or accidental spills of chemicals into water resources. Results indicated that Rana pipiens embryos were sufficiently sensitive to quantify effects produced by short-term exposures to chloroform. Animals tested during the earliest embryonic stage appeared to be less tolerant than organisms exposed later in development

Late-Binding Scholarship in the Age of AI

Scholarly processes play a pivotal role in discovering, challenging, improving, advancing, synthesizing, codifying, and disseminating knowledge. Since the 17th Century, both the quality and quantity of knowledge that scholarship has produced has increased tremendously, granting academic research a pivotal role in ensuring material and social progress. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is poised to enable a new leap in the creation of scholarly content. New forms of engagement with AI systems, such as collaborations with large language models like GPT-3, offer affordances that will change the nature of both the scholarly process and the artifacts it produces

Brief of Corporate Law Professors as Amici Curie in Support of Respondents

The Supreme Court has looked to the rights of corporate shareholders in determining the rights of union members and non-members to control political spending, and vice versa. The Court sometimes assumes that if shareholders disapprove of corporate political expression, they can easily sell their shares or exercise control over corporate spending. This assumption is mistaken. Because of how capital is saved and invested, most individual shareholders cannot obtain full information about corporate political activities, even after the fact, nor can they prevent their savings from being used to speak in ways with which they disagree. Individual shareholders have no “opt out” rights or practical ability to avoid subsidizing corporate political expression with which they disagree. Nor do individuals have the practical option to refrain from putting their savings into equity investments, as doing so would impose damaging economic penalties and ignore conventional financial guidance for individual investors

Cognitive Information Processing

Contains reports on three research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant GP-2495)National Institutes of Health (Grant MH-04737-04)National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NsG-496