S2Looking: A Satellite Side-Looking Dataset for Building Change Detection

Building-change detection underpins many important applications, especially in the military and crisis-management domains. Recent methods used for change detection have shifted towards deep learning, which depends on the quality of its training data. The assembly of large-scale annotated satellite imagery datasets is therefore essential for global building-change surveillance. Existing datasets almost exclusively offer near-nadir viewing angles. This limits the range of changes that can be detected. By offering larger observation ranges, the scroll imaging mode of optical satellites presents an opportunity to overcome this restriction. This paper therefore introduces S2Looking, a building-change-detection dataset that contains large-scale side-looking satellite images captured at various off-nadir angles. The dataset consists of 5000 bitemporal image pairs of rural areas and more than 65,920 annotated instances of changes throughout the world. The dataset can be used to train deep-learning-based change-detection algorithms. It expands upon existing datasets by providing (1) larger viewing angles; (2) large illumination variances; and (3) the added complexity of rural images. To facilitate the use of the dataset, a benchmark task has been established, and preliminary tests suggest that deep-learning algorithms find the dataset significantly more challenging than the closest-competing near-nadir dataset, LEVIR-CD+. S2Looking may therefore promote important advances in existing building-change-detection algorithms

General characteristics of the subjects.

<p>General characteristics of the subjects.</p

(A) Fragment containing 65-bp upstream non-coding region of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene.

<p>The −22G/C polymorphism is underlined. Core promoters Initiator (Inr) and downstream core promoter element (DPE) are labeled with boxes. (B) Schematic representation of LOX promoter-reporter chimeras with or without Inr, DPE and −22G/C polymorphisms. (C, D) Luciferase activity mediated by the upstream non-coding region of the wild-type and −22G/C polymorphism in MG-63 cells (C) and Jurkat cells (D). Data represent three independent experiments with similar results. Data shown are the mean ± S.D. of three experiments, each determined with triplicate dishes. P values for differences in fold increase are shown.</p

Stratification analysis of <i>LOX</i> polymorphisms in osteosarcoma patients.

<p>p<0.0167 was considered significant after Bonferroni correction. LOX, lysyl oxidase; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. L: long tubular bones. A: axial skeleton.</p

LOX polymorphisms in osteosarcoma patients and controls.

*<p>p<0.0167 was considered significant after Bonferroni correction. LOX, lysyl oxidase; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p