The economic, medical/scientific and regulatory aspects of clinical nutrition practice: what imparts what?

Malnutrition has been known in hospital and outpatient care for more than 30 years. It is estimated that an average of 30% of patients are affected, and in the majority of cases the problem remains unrecognized and untreated. Moreover, this disease-related malnutrition increases health costs by 30-70% as recent studies have shown, exceeding even the costs of obesity. Nutrition interventions, generating in comparison only a small cost, may therefore result in substantial absolute savings. This publication gives an overview of the current state of affairs in Europe and the US, also examining the economics of malnutrition. Also discussed are reimbursement models for enteral nutrition as well as regulatory aspects and their impact on practice. The book closes with a discussion of future challenges and opportunities. Considering the extent of the problem, this publication will be of interest not only to doctors directly involved in the care of patients, but also to policy makers and administrative personnel

Effects of glucose or fat calories in total parenteral nutrition on fat metabolism and systemic inflammation in rats

This study compared the effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) by central vein with or without fat provided at maintenance energy requirement on fatty acid metabolism, de novo lipogenesis, and the risk of hepatic and systemic inflammation in rats. Study I was conducted in 2 groups: high glucose (FIG), where fat-free TPN was given at maintenance levels of 180 kcal/(kg d), and low glucose (LG), where fat-free TPN containing 30% fewer calories at 126 kcal/(kg d) was provided by reducing 54 kcal/(kg d) from parenteral glucose. Study 2 contained 3 TPN groups: 1 LG group at 126 kcal/(kg d) and 2 groups at 180 kcal/(kg d) with 30% of total calories (54 kcal/[kg d]) either from soybean or fish oil emulsion. In both studies, animals fed a chow diet ad libitum were included. Plasma and hepatic triglyceride and phospholipid fatty acid profiles, enzymes indicating hepatic injury, and C-reactive protein levels (CRP) reflecting systemic injury were measured. In study 1, evidence of de novo lipogenesis was noted in LG and was more prominent in FIG with elevation of CRP in FIG. In study 2, de novo lipogenesis was reduced by adding either fat to LG to achieve maintenance energy levels. Moreover, adding fat as soybean oil but not fish oil significantly increased plasma and hepatic triglyceride and also elevated aspartate aminotransferase and CRP levels, reflecting inflammation. Thus, in rats, either hypocaloric feeding as glucose-based TPN or TPN provided at maintenance energy levels with the addition of fish oil limits hepatic lipid accumulation and prevents the evidence of hepatic and systemic injury found with maintenance level TPN as glucose only or glucose plus soybean oil. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Not LUMC related researc

Avaliação do estado nutricional de pacientes internados em um hospital universitário Evaluation of nutritional status of hospitalized patients from an university hospital

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o estado nutricional de pacientes internados no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, na faixa etária de 15 a 89 anos. A amostra escolhida ao acaso, foi composta por 154 indivíduos de ambos os sexos (74 homens e 80 mulheres). Durante o estudo foram coletados os dados antropométricos, os hábitos alimentares e as causas do internamento. As análises mostraram uma grande instabilidade nutricional, com elevadas prevalências tanto de baixo peso como de excesso de peso. Com relação aos hábitos alimentares foi observada pobreza e monotonia nos cardápios. Dos pacientes entrevistados, a maioria mencionou apenas seis tipos de alimentos comuns como sendo seus favoritos (arroz e feijão, carne bovina, galinha, macarrão e pão). Por outro lado, esse estudo também deixou claro a alta freqüência de tabus alimentares, o que pode limitar o consumo de vários nutrientes. Em termos de admissões ás clínicas médica e cirúrgica, a proporção para ambos o grupos foi muito similar.<br>The purpose of this research was to evaluate the nutritional status of hospitalized patients, aged 15 to 89 years old, from the Hospital das Clínicas - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Brazil. The sample, chosen at random, consisted of 154 individuals of both sexes (74 males and 80 females). Anthropometric data, food habits and reasons for hospitalization were recorded during the assessment. The analysis showed a great nutritional instability, with high prevalences of underweight and overweight. Regarding food habits, it was observed a poor and monotonous menu, resulted from a lack of variety. Of the patients interviewed, the majority mentioned only six kinds of common foods as their favourites (rice and beans, beef, chicken, macaroni and bread). On the other hand, this study also made clear the high frequency of food taboos, which might limit the consumption of various nutrients. In terms of admissions to the medical and surgical services, the proportion for both groups was very similar

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases increases PPAR-α and IL-6 and prevents dietary-induced hepatic steatosis and injury in a murine model

Steatosis is a prominent feature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and a potential promoter of inflammation. Injury leading to cirrhosis is partly mediated by dysregulation of matrix protein turnover. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors protect mice from lethal TNF-α induced liver injury. We hypothesized that Marimastat, a broad-spectrum MMP and TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitor, might modulate this injury through interruption of inflammatory pathways. Triglyceride and phospholipid levels (liver, serum) and fatty acid profiles were used to assess essential fatty acid status and de novo lipogenesis as mechanisms for hepatic steatosis. Mice receiving a fat-free, high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) for 19 days developed severe fatty liver infiltration, demonstrated by histology, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elevated liver function tests. Animals receiving HCD plus Marimastat (HCD+MAR) were comparable to control animals. Increased tissue levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), higher levels of serum IL-6, and decreased levels of serum TNF-α receptor II were also seen in the HCD+MAR group compared with HCD-only. In addition, there was increased phosphorylation, and likely activation, of PPAR-α in the HCD+MAR group. PPAR-α is a transcription factor involved in β-oxidation of fatty acids, and IL-6 is a hepatoprotective cytokine. Liver triglyceride levels were higher and serum triglyceride and phospholipid levels lower with HCD-only but improved with Marimastat treatment. HCD-only and HCD+MAR groups were essential fatty acid deficient and had elevated rates of de novo lipogenesis. We therefore conclude that Marimastat reduces liver triglyceride accumulation by increasing fat oxidation and/or liver clearance of triglycerides. This may be related to increased expression and activation of PPAR-α or IL-6, respectively. Copyrigh