Visualizing Two Qubits

The notions of entanglement witnesses, separable and entangled states for two qubits system can be visualized in three dimensions using the SLOCC equivalence classes. This visualization preserves the duality relations between the various sets and allows us to give ``proof by inspection'' of a non-elementary result of the Horodeckies that for two qubits, Peres separability test is iff. We then show that the CHSH Bell inequalities can be visualized as circles and cylinders in the same diagram. This allows us to give a geometric proof of yet another result of the Horodeckies, which optimizes the violation of the CHSH Bell inequality. Finally, we give numerical evidence that, remarkably, allowing Alice and Bob to use three rather than two measurements each, does not help them to distinguish any new entangled SLOCC equivalence class beyond the CHSH class.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures. Added several reference

Evaluation of an open access software for calculating glucose variability parameters of a continuous glucose monitoring system applied at pediatric intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) has become an increasingly investigated tool, especially with regards to monitoring of diabetic and critical care patients. The continuous glucose data allows the calculation of several glucose variability parameters, however, without specific application the interpretation of the results is time-consuming, utilizing extreme efforts. Our aim was to create an open access software [Glycemic Variability Analyzer Program (GVAP)], readily available to calculate the most common parameters of the glucose variability and to test its usability. METHODS: The GVAP was developed in MATLAB(R) 2010b environment. The calculated parameters were the following: average area above/below the target range (Avg. AUC-H/L); Percentage Spent Above/Below the Target Range (PATR/PBTR); Continuous Overall Net Glycemic Action (CONGA); Mean of Daily Differences (MODD); Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions (MAGE). For verification purposes we selected 14 CGM curves of pediatric critical care patients. Medtronic(R) Guardian(R) Real-Time with Enlite(R) sensor was used. The reference values were obtained from Medtronic(R)'s own software for Avg. AUC-H/L and PATR/PBTR, from GlyCulator for MODD and CONGA, and using manual calculation for MAGE. RESULTS: The Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were above 0.99 for all parameters. The initial execution took 30 minutes, for further analysis with the Windows(R) Standalone Application approximately 1 minute was needed. CONCLUSIONS: The GVAP is a reliable open access program for analyzing different glycemic variability parameters, hence it could be a useful tool for the study of glycemic control among critically ill patients

Chirality dependent corona phase molecular recognition of DNA-wrapped carbon nanotubes

Corona phase molecular recognition (CoPhMoRe) is a phenomenon whereby a polymer or surfactant corona phase wrapped around a nanoparticle selectively recognizes a particular molecule. The method can potentially generate non-biological, synthetic molecular recognition sites, analogous to antibodies, for a broad range of biomedical applications, including new types of sensors, laboratory and clinical assays, as well as inhibitors and targeted therapeutics. In this work, we utilize near infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) wrapped with specific single stranded DNA sequences to explore the (n,m) chirality dependence of CoPhMoRe. Specific DNA oligonucleotide sequences are known to recognize and interact uniquely with certain (n,m) SWNTs enabling their enrichment in ion exchange chromatography. We explore the CoPhMoRe effect using corona phases constructed from a library of 24 such sequences, screening against a biomolecule panel that includes common neurotransmitters, amino acids, saccharides and riboflavin. Example sequences include (ATT)4, (TAT)4 and (ATTT)3 which recognize (7,5), (6,5) and (8,4) SWNTs, respectively. We find that these recognition sequences indeed form CoPhMoRe phases that are distinct among SWNT chiralities, and appear to pack more densely as to exclude analyte adsorption on the chirality they recognize. These results have encouraging implications for the controlled design of CoPhMoRe phases for biomedical applications

Chirality dependent corona phase molecular recognition of DNA-wrapped carbon nanotubes

Corona phase molecular recognition (CoPhMoRe) is a phenomenon whereby a polymer or surfactant corona phase wrapped around a nanoparticle selectively recognizes a particular molecule. The method can potentially generate non-biological, synthetic molecular recognition sites, analogous to antibodies, for a broad range of biomedical applications, including new types of sensors, laboratory and clinical assays, as well as inhibitors and targeted therapeutics. In this work, we utilize near infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) wrapped with specific single stranded DNA sequences to explore the (n,m) chirality dependence of CoPhMoRe. Specific DNA oligonucleotide sequences are known to recognize and interact uniquely with certain (n,m) SWNTs enabling their enrichment in ion exchange chromatography. We explore the CoPhMoRe effect using corona phases constructed from a library of 24 such sequences, screening against a biomolecule panel that includes common neurotransmitters, amino acids, saccharides and riboflavin. Example sequences include (ATT)4, (TAT)4 and (ATTT)3 which recognize (7,5), (6,5) and (8,4) SWNTs, respectively. We find that these recognition sequences indeed form CoPhMoRe phases that are distinct among SWNT chiralities, and appear to pack more densely as to exclude analyte adsorption on the chirality they recognize. These results have encouraging implications for the controlled design of CoPhMoRe phases for biomedical applications

Low molecular proteins in the urine of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Part 1. Measurement of urinary free light chains

The concentration of urinary free light chains was measured in 61 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by single radial immunodiffusion. The concentration was significantly increased in these patients, and was associated with hypocomplementemia and a high level of antibody to DNA. It also correlated with the clinical disease activity of SLE. It is postulated that increased free light chain in the urine of SLE patients is derived mostly from increased synthesis of light chain rather than from increased breakdown of intact immunoglobulins or decrease of catabolism during renal insufficiency. The measurement of urinary free light chains may offer information for evaluating disease activity in SLE patients