Church and society, a study of the social work and thought of James Begg, D.D. (1808-1883), A.H Charteris, D.D., LL.D (1835 - 1908), and David Watson, D.D. (1859 - 1943)

This dissertation is a study of the social work and thought of three eminent Scottish ministers whose major contributions to the Church and society came in the years from 1835 to 1935# Br. James Begg, Br. A. H. Charteris, and Br. navid Watson lived at a time when the Industrial Revolution was bringing about many changes and up¬ heavals in Scottish social, religious, political and economic life. Social institutions, customs, habits, and patterns of thought and behaviour were constantly undergoing transition and alteration. The new conditions created by the Industrial Revolution had an effect upon the Church as well} and her reaction and adjustment to those changes and the contributions of the three men to the Church in that process has been the central theme of this wor

On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions from Around the World

In 1993, on-road emissions in Continental Europe showed a pronounced South/North declining gradient for CO, HC and NO fuel specific emissions (gm/kg). Emissions in Hamburg and Rotterdam were comparable to emissions measured in 1993 in the U.S.A. with the same on-road instrument. Contrasts between emissions in the USA, the UK and Sweden demonstrated the importance both of modern catalysts and of good maintenance. The same contrast in 1998 shows the same picture but lower emissions at all three locations. In the decade from 1993-2003, U.S. emissions have declined markedly, apparently mainly as a result of lower emitting, better maintained, new vehicles. Results from Asia and South America will also be presented together with an analysis which suggests a correlation between average on-road vehicle emissions and the inverse of reported per-capita income. This latter relationship holds only up to a point. Beyond that point of increasing poverty, measured on-road emissions reach a plateau. Results from Mexico City in 1991 and 1994 show a dramatic decline in emissions, mainly caused by the imposition of modern control measures to the taxi cabs which, while only a small fraction of the registered fleet, contribute a large fraction of the vehicle miles traveled. Further improvement in Mexico City on-road emissions was observed by studies in 2000 [1] and 2003 [2]