The metabolic responses to high carbohydrate meals with different glycemic indices consumed during recovery from prolonged strenuous exercise

This study investigated the metabolic responses to high glycemic index (HGI) or low glycemic index (LGI) meals consumed during recovery from prolonged exercise. 8 trained male athletes undertook 2 trials. Following an overnight fast, subjects completed a 90 minute run. Meals were provided 30 minutes and 2 hours following cessation of exercise. The plasma glucose responses to both meals were greater in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial. Following breakfast, there were no differences in the serum insulin concentrations between the trials; however, following lunch, concentrations were higher in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial. This suggests that the glycemic index of the carbohydrates consumed during the immediate post-exercise period might not be important as long as sufficient carbohydrate is consumed. The high insulin concentrations following a HGI meal later in the recovery period could facilitate further muscle glycogen resynthesis

A study of certain written sentence developments of children in grades five to eight, inclusive.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University

Employee Affinity Groups: Their Evolution from Social Movement Vehicles to Employer Strategies

Diversity affinity groups can be defined as groups of employees within an organization who share a common identity, defined by race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or shared extra-organizational values or interests. Such groups may be more or less formally organized, and their relationship with management may vary from being adversarial to being cooperative or even fully co-opted by management. They operate outside the jurisdiction of collective bargaining laws. In some ways, it is nothing new to find workers banding together on the basis of their shared ethnicity, gender, religion or other commonalities. In the nineteenth century, craft unions were regularly organized according to ethnic and religious affiliations, and in the twentieth century, industrial unions like the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters were organized along lines of social identity as well. But in the early 1970s, diversity affinity groups first started cropping up in large companies--the most well known being the pioneering Black Caucus at Xerox Corporation. Unlike their predecessors in the labor movement, the members of these groups are generally white collar. And, of course, they are not formally recognized--in law or in practice--as legal representatives of workers’ interests. For these reasons, some dismiss these groups as mere window dressing--a distraction from stronger forms of worker voice, or, worse, employer dominated vehicles of worker co-optation. Yet, others have come to see them as an important part of the fabric of America’s ever-evolving system of industrial relations (...)

Configurationally stable, enantioenriched organometallic nucleophiles in stereospecific Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions: an alternative approach to asymmetric synthesis

Several research groups have recently developed methods to employ configurationally stable, enantioenriched organometallic nucleophiles in stereospecific Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. By establishing the absolute configuration of a chiral alkyltin or alkylboron nucleophile prior to its use in cross-coupling reactions, new stereogenic centers may be rapidly and reliably generated with preservation of the known initial stereochemistry. While this area of research is still in its infancy, such stereospecific cross-coupling reactions may emerge as simple, general methods to access diverse, optically active products from common enantioenriched organometallic building blocks. This minireview highlights recent progress towards the development of general, stereospecific Pd-catalyzed crosscoupling reactions using configurationally stable organometallic nucleophiles

Simple, efficient protocols for the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of aryl chlorides and dimethylamine

Simple and efficient procedures for the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of aryl chlorides and dimethylamine are described. At room temperature with a strong base, t-BuXPhos is employed as the supporting ligand; at 110 °C with a weak base, XPhos is employed as the supporting ligand. In each of these cases, commercially available solutions constitute the source of the dimethylamine, and recently disclosed precatalysts constitute the source of the ligand and Pd. This work further expands the utility of these precatalysts in reactions that benefit from an easily activated source of L[subscript 1]Pd(0).National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (GM-058160)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Postdoctoral Fellowship GM-F32-75685)Amgen Inc.Merck & Co., Inc.Boehringer Ingelheim PharmaceuticalsMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (Summer Fellowship

X Reality Networked Performance: Message Based Distributed Systems for Controlling and Presenting Multiple Realities

X reality networked performances connect physical, fictional and computer generated realities in a new world of performance, one that is without geographical bounds and that can include many physical locations—with their own performers and audience members— within a single event. They explore a unique medium while drawing on historical and contemporary performing arts practices that normally occur within the confines of a single physical location. Such performances present a special set of requirements on the system that supports them. They need to access and integrate all the systems that are typically found in the physical place of the performance (such as theatre lighting) with those that are unique to the medium, such as network technologies and environments for the delivery of computer generated realities. Yet, no suitable systems or frameworks have been developed to support them. Technologies are available (such as LoLA and UltraGrid) that support individual aspects—like audio/video streaming—but which do not address the wider requirements of controlling and synchronising, of integrating all these technologies into a system of systems for X reality networked performance. Therefore, this research investigates the creation of a systems framework whereby existing hardware and software components can be continuously integrated with bespoke components to provide a platform for the delivery of X reality networked performances. The methodological approach to this investigation is through the lens of the author’s previous experience in other fields of complex systems integration, including, approaches employed in the design and integration of avionics systems. Specifically, it tests if a systems integration approach to providing a technical platform for X reality networked performances, one that employs strongly‐defined interfaces and communication protocols, and that is based on open and industry standards, delivers an elegant platform that can be characterised as: deterministic, reliable, extendable, scalable, reconfigurable, testable and cost effective. The platform for X reality networked performance has been developed iteratively—using the results of a framework investigation—and tested in four different performance projects over a period of 24‐months, in ten different venues, across five countries. The research concludes that the enabling framework is well suited to the delivery of X reality networked performances. Also, that the approaches employed could equally be applied to the needs of other arts practitioners who rely on complex technical systems for the creation and delivery of their work

Necessidades dos usuários de espaços de performances imersivas mediatizadas

Over the last two decades performance artists have made use of videoconferencing systems for installations, joint performances and rehearsals; often negotiating costly and bespoke (custom-made) soft and hardware. More recently, pervasive and low-cost videoconferencing technology has successfully been applied in mediated installations, paving the way for the technology to be incorporated into the curriculum of performance colleges thereby creating a need for systematic user requirement research. We report on a study in which theatre and dance students collaborated across a videoconferencing connection. The results highlighted different requirements for distributed theatre and dance practitioners and these findings form an input into an EU Framework 7 research program focusing on how to better support the mediated performance space and enable audience feedback and interaction. We highlight theoretical perspectives relevant to telepresence in performance. Lastly we describe how insights into user requirements for immersive mediated performance spaces led to building a prototype consisting of two Computer Aided Virtual Environments (CAVEs) connected via the Internet.Nas duas últimas décadas artistas performáticos vêm fazendo uso desistemas de videoconferências para instalações, performances conjuntas e ensaios, frequentemente negociando por preço elevado tanto o software quanto o hardware “bespoke” (feito sob encomenda). Recentemente, tecnologia pervasiva de baixo-custo para videoconferência tem sido aplicada em instalações mediadas, abrindo o caminho para uma tecnologia a ser incorporada no currículo das escolas superiores de performance, criando assim a obrigação de uma investigação sistemática sobre as necessidades do usuário. Relatamos um estudo no qual estudantes de teatro e de dança compartilham experiência por meio de conexão de videoconferência. Os resultados ressaltam as diferentes exigências feitas aos difusores de práticas de teatro e dança e esses resultados contribuem para um programa de investigação da UE Framework 7, cujo enfoque é a melhor forma de apoiar o espaço de atuação mediada, e permitir resposta interativa do público. Ressaltamos perspectivas teóricas relevantes para a telepresença em performance. Por último, descrevemos como insights sobre as necessidades dos usuários de espaços de performances imersivas mediadas levaram à construção de um protótipo que consiste em duas cavernas (CAVEs – Ambientes virtuais em Computer Aided [CAD]), conectadas através da internet

Decision-making theory applied to India's explosion of a nuclear device in May, 1974

This essay reviews the decision-making process that led to India exploding a nuclear device in May, 1974. An examination of the Analytic, Cybernetic and Cognitive Theories of decision, will enable a greater understanding of the events that led up to the 1974 test. While each theory is seen to be only partially useful, it is only by synthesising the three theories that a comprehensive account of the 1974 test can be given. To achieve this analysis, literature on decision-making in national security issues is reviewed, as well as the domestic and international environment in which involved decisionmakers operated. Finally, the rationale for the test in 1974 is examined. The conclusion revealed is that the explosion of a nuclear device by India in 1974 was primarily related to improving Indian international prestige among Third World countries and uniting a rapidly disintegrating Indian societal consensus. In themselves, individual decision-making theories were found to be of little use, but a combination of the various elements allowed a greater comprehension of the events leading up to the test than might otherwise have been the case