Transcript mapping based on dRNA-seq data

Background: RNA-seq and its variant differential RNA-seq (dRNA-seq) are today routine methods for transcriptome analysis in bacteria. While expression profiling and transcriptional start site prediction are standard tasks today, the problem of identifying transcriptional units in a genome-wide fashion is still not solved for prokaryotic systems. Results: We present RNASEG, an algorithm for the prediction of transcriptional units based on dRNA-seq data. A key feature of the algorithm is that, based on the data, it distinguishes between transcribed and un-transcribed genomic segments. Furthermore, the program provides many different predictions in a single run, which can be used to infer the significance of transcriptional units in a consensus procedure. We show the performance of our method based on a well-studied dRNA-seq data set for Helicobacter pylori. Conclusions: With our algorithm it is possible to identify operons and 5'- and 3'-UTRs in an automated fashion. This alleviates the need for labour intensive manual inspection and enables large-scale studies in the area of comparative transcriptomics

Data-Mining und Softwareentwicklung für RNA-seq-basierte Methoden bei Bakterien

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has in recent years become the preferred method for gene expression analysis and whole transcriptome annotation. While initial RNA-seq experiments focused on eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which can be purified from the cellular ribonucleic acid (RNA) pool with relative ease, more advanced protocols had to be developed for sequencing of microbial transcriptomes. The resulting RNA-seq data revealed an unexpected complexity of bacterial transcriptomes and the requirement for specific analysis methods, which in many cases is not covered by tools developed for processing of eukaryotic data. The aim of this thesis was the development and application of specific data analysis methods for different RNA-seq-based approaches used to gain insights into transcription and gene regulatory processes in prokaryotes. The differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) approach allows for transcriptional start site (TSS) annotation by differentiating between primary transcripts with a 5’-triphosphate (5’-PPP) and processed transcripts with a 5’-monophosphate (5’-P). This method was applied in combination with an automated TSS annotation tool to generate global trancriptome maps for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). In the E. coli study we conducted different downstream analyses to gain a deeper understanding of the nature and properties of transcripts in our TSS map. Here, we focused especially on putative antisense RNAs (asRNAs), an RNA class transcribed from the opposite strand of known protein-coding genes with the potential to regulate corresponding sense transcripts. Besides providing a set of putative asRNAs and experimental validation of candidates via Northern analysis, we analyzed and discussed different sources of variation in RNA-seq data. The aim of the H. pylori study was to provide a detailed description of the dRNA-seq approach and its application to a bacterial model organism. It includes information on experimental protocols and requirements for data analysis to generate a genome-wide TSS map. We show how the included TSS can be used to identify and analyze transcriptome and regulatory features and discuss challenges in terms oflibrary preparation protocols, sequencing platforms, and data analysis including manual and automated TSS annotation. The TSS maps and associated transcriptome data from both H. pylori and E. coli were made available for visualization in an easily accessible online browser. Furthermore, a modified version of dRNA-seq was used to identify transcriptome targets of the RNA pyrophosphohydrolase (RppH) in H. pylori. RppH initiates 5’-end-dependent degradation of transcripts by converting the 5’-PPP of primary transcripts to a 5’-P. I developed an analysis method, which uses data from complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries specific for transcripts carrying a 5’-PPP, 5’-P or both, to specifically identify transcripts modified by RppH. For this, the method assessed the 5’-phosphorylation state and cellular concentration of transcripts in rppH deletion in comparison to strains with the intact gene. Several of the identified potential RppH targets were further validated via half-life measurements and quantification of their 5’-phosphorylation state in wild-type and mutant cells. Our findings suggest an important role for RppH in post-transcriptional gene regulationin H. pylori and related organisms. In addition, we applied two RNA-seq -based approaches, RNA immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (RIP-seq) and cross-linking immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (CLIP-seq), to identify transcripts bound by Hfq and CsrA, two RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with an important role in post-transcriptional regulation. For RIP-seq -based identification of CsrA binding regions in Campylobacter jejuni(C. jejuni), we used annotation-based analysis and, in addition, a self-developed peak calling method based on a sliding window approach. Both methods revealed flaA mRNA, encoding the major flagellin, as the main target and functional analysis of identified targets showed a significant enrichment of genes involved in flagella biosynthesis. Further experimental analysis revealed the role of flaA mRNA in post-transcriptional regulation. In comparison to RIP-seq, CLIP-seq allows mapping of RBP binding sites with a higher resolution. To identify these sites an approach called “block-based peak calling” was developed and resulting peaks were used to identify sequence and structural constraints required for interaction of Hfq and CsrA with Salmonella transcripts. Overall, the different RNA-seq-based approaches described in this thesis together with their associated analyis pipelines extended our knowledge on the transcriptional repertoire and modes of post-transcriptional regulation in bacteria. The global TSS maps, including further characterized asRNA candidates, putative RppH targets, and identified RBP interactomes will likely trigger similar global studies in the same or different organisms or will be used as a resource for closer examination of these features.RNA-Sequenzierung (RNA-seq) entwickelte sich in den letzten Jahren zur bevorzugten Methode für Genexpressionsanalysen und die Annotation ganzer Transkriptome. Nachdem sich erste RNA-seq-Experimente hauptsächlich mit eukaryotischen Boten-RNAs (mRNAs) beschäftigt hatten, da diese sich relativ einfach aus dem zellulären RNA-Gemisch aufreinigen lassen, war die Entwicklung von fortschrittlicheren Methoden nötig, um mikrobielle Transkriptome zu sequenzieren. Die sich daraus ergebenden RNA-seq-Daten enthüllten eine unerwartete Komplexität bakterieller Transkriptome und die Notwendigkeit der Anwendung spezifischer Analyseverfahren, welche von Tools zur Prozessierung eukaryotischer Daten häufig nicht zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war die Entwicklung und Anwendung spezifischer Verfahren zur Datenanalyse für verschiedene RNA-seq-basierte Methoden, um Erkenntnisse bezüglich Transkription und genregulatorischer Vorgänge bei Prokaryoten zu erlangen. Die Differentielle-RNA-Sequenzierungsmethode (dRNA-seq) ermöglicht die Annotation von Transkriptionsstartpunkten (TSS), indem sie Primärtranskripte mit einem 5'-Triphosphat (5'-PPP) von prozessierten Transkripten mit einem 5'-Monophosphat (5'-P) unterscheidet. Diese Methode wurde in Kombination mit einem automatisierten TSS-Annotationstool zur Erstellung globaler Transkriptomkarten für Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) verwendet. In der E. coli-Studie haben wir verschiedene Folgeanalysen durchgeführt, um ein tieferes Verständnis für die Natur und Eigenschaften der in unserer Transkriptomkarte enthaltenen Transkripte zu erlangen. Das Hauptaugenmerk lag dabei auf mutmaßlichen Antisense-RNAs (asRNAs). Diese stellen eine RNA-Klasse dar, welche vom entgegengesetzten Strang von bekannten proteinkodierenden Genen transkribiert wird, und die das Potenzial hat, entsprechende Sense-Transkripte zu regulieren. Wir stellen nicht nur eine Liste mutmaßlicher asRNAs zur Verfügung, von der einige Kandidaten durch Northern Blots validiert wurden, sondern diskutierten auch von uns untersuchte Gründe für auftretende Variation bei RNA-seq-Daten. Das Ziel der H. pylori-Studie war es, eine detaillierte Beschreibung der dRNA-seq-Methode und deren Anwendung auf einen bakteriellen Modellorganismus zur Verfügung zu stellen. Sie enthält Informationen bezüglich experimenteller Protokolle und für die Datenanalyse notwendige Schritte, zur Erstellung einer genomweiten TSS-Karte. Wir zeigen, wie die enthaltenen TSS verwendet werden können, um verschiedene Transkriptomelemente, einschließlich solcher mit regulatorischen Eigenschaften, zu identifizieren und zu analysieren. Zusätzlich diskutieren wir Probleme, welche bei der Erstellung von Sequenzierlibraries, der Verwendung von Sequenzierplattformen und bei der Datenanalyse, einschließlich manueller und automatisierter TSS-Annotation, auftreten können. Die TSS-Karten für H. pylori und E. coli, einschließlich der damit verbundenen Transkriptomdaten, haben wir in Form eines leicht zugänglichen Online-Browsers verfügbar gemacht. Desweiteren wurde eine modifizierte Version der dRNA-seq-Methode verwendet, um Transkripte zu identifizieren, welche von der RNA Pyrophosphohydrolase (RppH) in H. pylori gespalten werden. RppH initiiert den vom 5'-Ende abhängigen RNA-Abbau, indem sie das 5'-PPP von Primärtranskripten in ein 5'-P umwandelt. Ich habe eine Analysemethode entwickelt, welche Daten basierend auf unterschiedlichen Komplementär-DNA (cDNA)-Libraries verwendet, welche entweder spezifisch für Transkripte mit einem 5'-PPP oder einem 5'-P sind, oder beides enthalten, um spezifisch Transkripte zu indentifizieren, die durch RppH modifiziert werden. Um dies zu erreichen wurden der 5'-Phosphorylierungsstatus und die zelluläre Konzentration der Transkripte zwischen einer rppH-Deletionsmutante und Stämmen mit intaktem Gen verglichen. Weiterhin wurden mehrere der identifizierten, von RppH gespaltenen Transkripte durch Messung ihrer Halbwertszeit und Quantifizierung ihres 5'-Phosphorylierungsstatus bei Wildtyp- und mutierten Zellen validiert. Unsere Ergebnisse lassen auf eine wichtige Rolle von RppH bei der Genregulation in H. pylori und verwandten Organismen schließen. Zusätzlich haben wir zwei weitere RNA-seq-basierte Methoden namens RNA-Immunpräzipitation gefolgt von RNA-Sequenzierung (RIP-seq) und Quervernetzung und Immunpräzipitation gefolgt von RNA-Sequenzierung (CLIP-seq) verwendet, um Transkripte zu identifizieren, welche von Hfq und CsrA gebunden werden, zwei RNA-Bindeproteinen (RBPs), die eine wichtige Rolle bei posttranskriptionaler Regulation spielen. Zur RIP-seq-basierten Identifikation von CsrA-Binderegionen bei Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) haben wir eine annotationsbasierte Analyse und zusätzlich eine eigens entwickelte Peak-Bestimmungsmethode verwendet. Beide Methoden haben die flaA mRNA, welche das Hauptflagellin kodiert, als stärksten Bindepartner identifiziert. Die Funktionale-Anreicherungsanalyse hat außerdem eine Anreicherung von Genen ergeben, welche für die Flagellenbiosynthese von Bedeutung sind. Im Vergleich zu RIP-seq ermöglicht CLIP-seq eine höhere Auflösung bei der Kartografierung von Bindestellen. Um diese Stellen zu identifizieren wurde eine Methode mit der Bezeichnung ``block-based peak calling'' entwickelt, und die daraus resultierenden Peaks wurden verwendet, um sequenz- und strukturabhängige Bedingungen zu bestimmen, die bei Salmonella für die Interaktion von Transkripten mit Hfq und CsrA notwendig sind. Insgesamt betrachtet haben die verschiedenen RNA-seq-basierten Methoden, welche in dieser Doktorarbeit beschrieben wurden, in Kombination mit den damit verbundenen Analysepipelines, unser Verständnis des transkriptionellen Repertoires und der Art und Weise, wie posttranskriptionelle Regulation bei Bakterien abläuft, erweitert. Die globalen TSS-Karten, einschließlich der charakterisierten asRNA-Kandidaten, die mutmaßlich von RppH gespaltenen Transkripte und die identifizierten RBP-Interaktome werden höchstwahrscheinlich zur Durchführung ähnlicher Studien bei den gleichen oder anderen Organismen führen, oder können als Grundlage für eine detailliertere Untersuchung dieser Elemente verwendet werden

konrad/READemption: v0.4.4

a pipeline for the computational evaluation of RNA-Seq dat

MAPS integrates regulation of actin-targeting effector SteC into the virulence control network of Salmonella small RNA PinT

A full understanding of the contribution of small RNAs (sRNAs) to bacterial virulence demands knowledge of their target suites under infection-relevant conditions. Here, we take an integrative approach to capturing targets of the Hfq-associated sRNA PinT, a known post-transcriptional timer of the two major virulence programs of Salmonella enterica. Using MS2 affinity purification and RNA sequencing (MAPS), we identify PinT ligands in bacteria under in vitro conditions mimicking specific stages of the infection cycle and in bacteria growing inside macrophages. This reveals PinT-mediated translational inhibition of the secreted effector kinase SteC, which had gone unnoticed in previous target searches. Using genetic, biochemical, and microscopic assays, we provide evidence for PinT-mediated repression of steC mRNA, eventually delaying actin rearrangements in infected host cells. Our findings support the role of PinT as a central post-transcriptional regulator in Salmonella virulence and illustrate the need for complementary methods to reveal the full target suites of sRNAs

Global Maps of ProQ Binding In Vivo Reveal Target Recognition via RNA Structure and Stability Control at mRNA 3' Ends.

The conserved RNA-binding protein ProQ has emerged as the centerpiece of a previously unknown third large network of post-transcriptional control in enterobacteria. Here, we have used in vivo UV crosslinking and RNA sequencing (CLIP-seq) to map hundreds of ProQ binding sites in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. Our analysis of these binding sites, many of which are conserved, suggests that ProQ recognizes its cellular targets through RNA structural motifs found in small RNAs (sRNAs) and at the 3′ end of mRNAs. Using the cspE mRNA as a model for 3′ end targeting, we reveal a function for ProQ in protecting mRNA against exoribonucleolytic activity. Taken together, our results underpin the notion that ProQ governs a post-transcriptional network distinct from those of the well-characterized sRNA-binding proteins, CsrA and Hfq, and suggest a previously unrecognized, sRNA-independent role of ProQ in stabilizing mRNAs

Global Maps of ProQ Binding In Vivo Reveal Target Recognition via RNA Structure and Stability Control at mRNA 3' Ends.

The conserved RNA-binding protein ProQ has emerged as the centerpiece of a previously unknown third large network of post-transcriptional control in enterobacteria. Here, we have used in vivo UV crosslinking and RNA sequencing (CLIP-seq) to map hundreds of ProQ binding sites in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. Our analysis of these binding sites, many of which are conserved, suggests that ProQ recognizes its cellular targets through RNA structural motifs found in small RNAs (sRNAs) and at the 3′ end of mRNAs. Using the cspE mRNA as a model for 3′ end targeting, we reveal a function for ProQ in protecting mRNA against exoribonucleolytic activity. Taken together, our results underpin the notion that ProQ governs a post-transcriptional network distinct from those of the well-characterized sRNA-binding proteins, CsrA and Hfq, and suggest a previously unrecognized, sRNA-independent role of ProQ in stabilizing mRNAs

MAPS integrates regulation of actin-targeting effector SteC into the virulence control network of Salmonella small RNA PinT.

A full understanding of the contribution of small RNAs (sRNAs) to bacterial virulence demands knowledge of their target suites under infection-relevant conditions. Here, we take an integrative approach to capturing targets of the Hfq-associated sRNA PinT, a known post-transcriptional timer of the two major virulence programs of Salmonella enterica. Using MS2 affinity purification and RNA sequencing (MAPS), we identify PinT ligands in bacteria under in vitro conditions mimicking specific stages of the infection cycle and in bacteria growing inside macrophages. This reveals PinT-mediated translational inhibition of the secreted effector kinase SteC, which had gone unnoticed in previous target searches. Using genetic, biochemical, and microscopic assays, we provide evidence for PinT-mediated repression of steC mRNA, eventually delaying actin rearrangements in infected host cells. Our findings support the role of PinT as a central post-transcriptional regulator in Salmonella virulence and illustrate the need for complementary methods to reveal the full target suites of sRNAs

Temperature and livestock grazing trigger transcriptome responses in bumblebees along an elevational gradient

Climate and land-use changes cause increasing stress to pollinators but the molecular pathways underlying stress responses are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the transcriptomic response of Bombus lucorum workers to temperature and livestock grazing. Bumblebees sampled along an elevational gradient, and from differently managed grassland sites (livestock grazing vs unmanaged) in the German Alps did not differ in the expression of genes known for thermal stress responses. Instead, metabolic energy production pathways were upregulated in bumblebees sampled in mid- or high elevations or during cool temperatures. Extensive grazing pressure led to an upregulation of genetic pathways involved in immunoregulation and DNA-repair. We conclude that widespread bumblebees are tolerant toward temperature fluctuations in temperate mountain environments. Moderate temperature increases may even release bumblebees from metabolic stress. However, transcriptome responses to even moderate management regimes highlight the completely underestimated complexity of human influence on natural pollinators