Sexual violence in the protracted conflict of DRC programming for rape survivors in South Kivu

BACKGROUND: Despite international acknowledgement of the linkages between sexual violence and conflict, reliable data on its prevalence, the circumstances, characteristics of perpetrators, and physical or mental health impacts is rare. Among the conflicts that have been associated with widespread sexual violence has been the one in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). METHODS: From 2003 till to date Malteser International has run a medico-social support programme for rape survivors in South Kivu province, DRC. In the context of this programme, a host of data was collected. We present these data and discuss the findings within the frame of available literature. RESULTS: Malteser International registered 20,517 female rape survivors in the three year period 2005-2007. Women of all ages have been targeted by sexual violence and only few of those - and many of them only after several years - sought medical care and psychological help. Sexual violence in the DRC frequently led to social, especially familial, exclusion. Members of military and paramilitary groups were identified as the main perpetrators of sexual violence. CONCLUSION: We have documented that in the DRC conflict sexual violence has been - and continues to be - highly prevalent in a wide area in the East of the country. Humanitarian programming in this field is challenging due to the multiple needs of rape survivors. The easily accessible, integrated medical and psycho-social care that the programme offered apparently responded to the needs of many rape survivors in this area

Refresher-Evaluation of participants of a five-day outpatient educational program for type 2 diabetes (REPEAD)

n der Universitätsklinik Würzburg werden regelmäßig einwöchige strukturierte ambulante Schulungsprogramme für Typ-2-Diabetiker mit und ohne Insulintherapie gemäß den Richtlinien der DDG durchgeführt. Wir evaluierten 50 Schulungsteilnehmer, die im Zeitraum zwischen Juni 1999 und April 2002 an dem oben genannten Schulungsprogramm teilnahmen und für die Dauer von 12 Monaten nachverfolgt werden konnten. Nach einer Randomisierung erhielt die Hälfte der Patienten einen zusätzlichen Schulungstag, sog. Refresher (t1, nach 130 Tagen). Durchschnittlich sechs und zwölf Monate nach erfolgter Schulung wurden die Typ-2-Diabetiker hinsichtlich ihrer metabolischen Parameter evaluiert. Es wurde eine nicht strukturiert geschulte Kontrollgruppe rekrutiert, deren Parameter mit denen der Schulungsteilnehmer initial und nach einem Jahr verglichen wurden. Eine signifikante Verbesserung der Messparameter (HbA1c, Cholesterin, LDL-Cholesterin, Triglyceride) der Schulungsteilnehmer wurde weder zum Zeitpunkt der Nachuntersuchung (t2, nach 229 Tagen) noch bei der Abschlusserhebung (t3, nach 389 Tagen) festgestellt. Der BMI erfuhr im Untersuchungsverlauf ebenfalls keine Veränderung. Lediglich bei einer kleinen Teilgruppe von Schulungspatienten mit initial hohen Ausgangswerten des HbA1c (> 8%) bzw. BMI (> 30 kg/m²) wurden moderate, signifikante Verbesserungen der metabolischen Kontrolle erzielt. Die Patienten mit zusätzlichem Schulungstag (Refresher) wiesen keine signifikant besseren Stoffwechselwerte auf als die nicht zusätzlich geschulten Teilnehmer. Die Kontrollgruppe verzeichnete im Untersuchungszeitraum eines Jahres analoge Werte im Vergleich zu der Schulungsgruppe. Allerdings wurde die Kontrollgruppe weniger stark medikamentös behandelt, was auf einen milderen Ausprägungsgrad der Krankheit hinweist.Structured five-day ambulatory education programs for type 2 diabetics with and without insulin treatment are carried out regularly at the Department of Internal Medicine in Wuerzburg, Germany. We evaluated 50 patients taking part in the program between june 1999 and april 2002 (=intervention group). Follow-up was at 6 and 12 months after the program. Half of the patients were randomized for an additional education day, so called "refresher"(t1, 130 days after the initial education program). For comparison, a control group was sought that had not been educated in a structured way. No significant improvement of metabolic control in the intervention group was demonstrated at the time of follow-ups (229 (t2) and 389 (t3) days after the end of the program). Only within a small sub-group of patients with initially high HbA1c (> 8%) and BMI (> 30 kg/m²), a significant improvement of metabolic control was achieved. Metabolic control of patients with or witout the "refresher"-day did not differ significantly. Metabolic control of the control group did not differ significantly from the one of the intervention group thoughout the time of observation. However, the control group was treated less intensively with anti-diabetic medication and/or insulin than the intervention group which hints at less intense manifestation-levels of disease

Structure–activity study of the antibacterial peptide fallaxin

Fallaxin is a 25-mer antibacterial peptide amide, which was recently isolated from the West Indian mountain chicken frog Leptodactylus fallax. Fallaxin has been shown to inhibit the growth of several Gram-negative bacteria including Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we report a structure–activity study of fallaxin based on 65 analogs, including a complete alanine scan and a full set of N- and C-terminal truncated analogs. The fallaxin analogs were tested for hemolytic activity and antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate resistant S. aureus, (VISA), methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa. We identified several analogs, which showed improved antibacterial activity compared to fallaxin. Our best candidate was FA12, which displayed MIC values of 3.12, 25, 25, and 50 μM against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, MSSA, and VISA, respectively. Furthermore, we correlated the antibacterial activity with various structural parameters such as charge, hydrophobicity 〈H〉, mean hydrophobic moment 〈μH〉, and α-helicity. We were able to group the active and inactive analogs according to mean hydrophobicity 〈H〉 and mean hydrophobic moment 〈μH〉. Far-UV CD-spectroscopy experiments on fallaxin and several analogs in buffer, in TFE, and in membrane mimetic environments (small unilamellar vesicles) indicated that a coiled-coil conformation could be an important structural trait for antibacterial activity. This study provides data that support fallaxin analogs as promising lead structures in the development of new antibacterial agents