Zivilgesellschaft in Krisenzeiten: Politisch aktiv mit geschwächten Fundamenten

ZIVILGESELLSCHAFT IN KRISENZEITEN: POLITISCH AKTIV MIT GESCHWÄCHTEN FUNDAMENTEN Zivilgesellschaft in Krisenzeiten: Politisch aktiv mit geschwächten Fundamenten / Schubert, Peter (Rights reserved) ( -

Connexin30.2:<i>In vitro</i> interaction with connexin36 in hela cells and expression in AII amacrine cells and intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells in the mouse retina

Electrical coupling via gap junctions is an abundant phenomenon in the mammalian retina and occurs in all major cell types. Gap junction channels are assembled from different connexin subunits, and the connexin composition of the channel confers specific properties to the electrical synapse. In the mouse retina, gap junctions were demonstrated between intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells but the underlying connexin remained undetermined. In the primary rod pathway, gap junctions play a crucial role, coupling AII amacrine cells among each other and to ON cone bipolar cells. Although it has long been known that connexin36 and connexin45 are necessary for the proper functioning of this most sensitive rod pathway, differences between homocellular AII/AII gap junctions and AII/ON bipolar cell gap junctions suggested the presence of an additional connexin in AII amacrine cells. Here, we used a connexin30.2-lacZ mouse line to study the expression of connexin30.2 in the retina. We show that connexin30.2 is expressed in intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells and AII amacrine cells. Moreover, we tested whether connexin30.2 and connexin36 – both expressed in AII amacrine cells – are able to interact with each other and are deposited in the same gap junctional plaques. Using newly generated anti-connexin30.2 antibodies, we show in HeLa cells that both connexins are indeed able to interact and may form heteromeric channels: both connexins were co-immunoprecipitated from transiently transfected HeLa cells and connexin30.2 gap junction plaques became significantly larger when co-expressed with connexin36. These data suggest that connexin36 is able to form heteromeric gap junctions with another connexin. We hypothesize that co-expression of connexin30.2 and connexin36 may endow AII amacrine cells with the means to differentially regulate its electrical coupling to different synaptic partners

Phenolics as Chemosystematic Markers in and for the Genus Crepis (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)

In contrast to the huge variety of sesquiterpene lactones reported, only a limited number of flavonoids and phenolic acids are known from the genus Crepis. Compounds detected in the course of this investigation encompass flavonoids luteolin, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-gentiobioside, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, and luteolin 4’-O-glucoside and caffeic acid derivatives chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeoyltartaric acid, and cichoric acid. The spectrum of compounds found in the flowering heads of plants of the genus Crepis are useful chemosystematic markers both to differentiate between species and to characterize the genus and help delimiting it from morphologically similar genera within the Cichorieae tribe of the Asteraceae family

Civil courage in Austria, Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands and New Zealand: A Citizen perspective

In 2021 and 2022, we included several questions on civil courage in representative online surveys in Austria, Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, and New Zealand. These survey questions focus on (1) perceived state of civil courage in the respective countries, and (2) where people believe civil courage can be learnt. The figures report these data for the combined samples from the five countries, and are elaborated based on differences in the population (e.g. based on age, gender, migration background).</p

Zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement im Jahr 2031

ZIVILGESELLSCHAFTLICHES ENGAGEMENT IM JAHR 2031 Zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement im Jahr 2031 / Benning, Laura (Rights reserved) ( -