Évolutions récentes de la structure des placements des assureurs.

L’analyse des portefeuilles des assureurs en 2009 confirme leur forte diversification géographique, avec une prépondérance des titres d’émetteurs de la zone euro, ainsi que l’allongement de leurs placements obligataires en réponse aux évolutions de la courbe des taux.organismes d’assurance, assureurs vie, assureurs vie-mixte, assureurs non-vie, provisions techniques, contrats en euros, contrats en unités de compte, placements financiers, mise en transparence, épargne des ménages, circuits de financement, titres de créance, obligations, actions.

La destination finale des placements financiers des ménages français.

Les ménages français ont modifié la structure de leurs portefeuilles au cours des quinze dernières années au profit des contrats d’assurance-vie. Ils investissent une part croissante de leur épargne à l’étranger, via les intermédiaires financiers.Ménages, patrimoine financier, épargne, intermédiation, dépôts, crédits, titres de créance, valeurs mobilières, actions, OPCVM, sociétés d’assurance, profondeur financière, bases de détention de titres.

Productivity, heritability and stability analysis of a Moroccan sugar beet germplasm

Received: January 19th, 2021 ; Accepted: March 27th, 2021 ; Published: April 6th 2021 ; Correspondence: [email protected] testing is the second part of maternal recurrent selection scheme adopted by INRA-Morocco for the national sugar beet breeding programme. The objective of this study is sugar beet germplasm productivity, heritability and stability analysis. The studied material concern 18 half-sib families (HSF) preselected initially for their seed production potential. Trials were conducted using randomised complete blocks designs during, 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2017/18 campaigns in two experimental fields of INRA-Morocco; Sidi Allal Tazi (34° 30' N, 6° 19' W) and Larache (35° 11’ N, 6° 09’ W). Evaluated parameters concern the vigour, root weight (RW), leaf biomass yield (LBY), and sugar content (Sc). Data analysis by comparative procedures explores different accordance degrees of HSF versus controls. Good vegetative growth was observed, 85.6% closer to the maximal indicated scale level. The RW was significantly influenced by the genotype and reached a maximum of 1.06 kg versus 1.08 kg average recorded by controls. Sugar content recorded mean was 20.97% in HSF versus 21.39% in the controls. Most of HSF revealed mean values close to Z-type variety. Estimated heritability was 0.5 for RW, 0.2 for the LBY, and 0.02 for Sc. Sugar content was influenced by the environment and explained by the AMMI model (73.6%) versus 53.9% and 44.4% for root weight and leaf biomass yield respectively. The AMMI stability values showed F11, F12, F16, and F17 families as the most performing and stable HSF. Results demonstrate the relevance of the maternal recurrent selection scheme of the on-going national breeding programme

Les placements des organismes d’assurance à fin 2010.

L’analyse de la composition des portefeuilles des assureurs à fin 2010 révèle l’amorce d’un recentrage de leurs positions vers les titres émis par des signatures résidentes ainsi qu’un allongement de la durée moyenne de leurs placements obligataires.organismes d’assurance, assureurs vie, assureurs vie-mixte, assureurs non-vie, provisions techniques, contrats en euros, contrats en unités de compte, placements financiers, mise en transparence, épargne des ménages, circuits de financement, titres de créance, obligations, actions.

Les comportements patrimoniaux des ménages en France : évolutions et déterminants entre 2004 et 2010.

À la lumière des informations issues des enquêtes Patrimoine 2004 et 2010 de l’INSEE et des évaluations des comptes nationaux financiers établis par la Banque de France, l’article propose une première analyse des ajustements patrimoniaux des ménages français depuis 2007.épargne, ménages, portefeuilles, immobilier, risques.

Towards a comprehensive characterization of durum wheat landraces in Moroccan traditional agrosystems: analysing genetic diversity in the light of geography, farmers’ taxonomy and tetraploid wheat domestication history

Background: Crop diversity managed by smallholder farmers in traditional agrosystems is the outcome of historical and current processes interacting at various spatial scales, and influenced by factors such as farming practices and environmental pressures. Only recently have studies started to consider the complexity of these processes instead of simply describing diversity for breeding purposes. A first step in that aim is to add multiple references to the collection of genetic data, including the farmers' varietal taxonomy and practices and the historical background of the crop. Results: On the basis of interview data collected in a previous study, we sampled 166 populations of durum wheat varieties in two traditional Moroccan agrosystems, in the Pre-Rif and Atlas Mountains regions. Using a common garden experiment, we detected a high phenotypic variability on traits indicative of taxonomical position and breeding status, namely spike shape and plant height. Populations often combined modern (short) with traditional-like (tall) statures, and classical durum squared spike shape (5 flowers/spikelet) with flat spike shape (3 flowers/spikelet) representative of primitive domesticated tetraploid wheat (ssp. dicoccum). By contrast, the genetic diversity assessed using 14 microsatellite markers was relatively limited. When compared to the genetic diversity found in a large collection of tetraploid wheat, it corresponded to free-threshing tetraploid wheat. Within Morocco, the two studied regions differed for both genetic diversity and variety names. Within regions, neither geography nor variety names nor even breeding status constituted strong barriers to gene exchange despite a few significant patterns. Conclusions: This first assessment of morphological and genetic diversity allowed pointing out some important factors that may have influenced the structure and evolutionary dynamics of durum wheat in Morocco: the significance of variety names, the occurrence of mixtures within populations, the relative strength of seed exchange between farmers and local adaptation, as well as the fate of modern varieties once they have been introduced. Further, multidisciplinary studies at different spatial scales are needed to better understand these complex agrosystems of invaluable importance for food security

Variation intraspécifique du potentiel invasif de la morelle jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) au Maroc : Influence des conditions écologiques.

Le potentiel invasif (PI) de Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (SOLEL) au Maroc et les conditions écologiques qui le favoriseraient ne sont pas connus. L’objectif de cette étude a été donc d’évaluer la variabilité du PI et sa structuration et identifier les conditions écologiques favorisant la classe de PI la plus invasive. Pour ce faire, le PI de 188 populations représentatives de différentes conditions écologiques présentes au Maroc a été déterminé par l’analyse de traits d’histoire de vie de SOLEL liés à la reproduction sexuée. L’analyse de la variabilité du Pi et de sa structuration par Classification Ascendant Hiérarchique (CAH) et Analyse Discriminante Linéaire (ADL) a permis d’établir des classes de PI. L’influence des conditions écologiques sur la distribution de ces classes de PI a été évaluée. L’analyse des 11 variables choisies a montré une grande variabilité phénotypique de SOLEL. L’analyse par regroupement a mis en évidence quatre groupes distincts de PI.  Pour chacune des six variables liées au PI, la comparaison des moyennes de ces groupes a défini quatre classes de PI, la classe la plus invasive ayant le plus grand nombre de moyennes les plus élevées. L’étude de l’influence des conditions écologiques sur la distribution des classes de PI a montré que les conditions climatiques et d’altitude les plus sévères favoriseraient la classe la plus invasive.

Performance and emissions of natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine at low load conditions: Effect of natural gas split injection strategy

The combination of diesel and natural gas fuels has superior performance in terms of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions when compared to conventional diesel engine. However, this advantage does not hold at low load operating conditions as indicated thermal efficiency (ITE), carbon monoxides (CO), and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions deteriorate. Most published studies tried to resolve this drawback using diesel split injection. However, the present study evaluates natural gas split injection strategy as an alternative to improve the performance and emissions of diesel/natural gas dual-fuel engines at low load conditions. The results show that natural gas split injection with proportional split injection ratio (ISR) and small dwelling timing improves NOx, CO, and HC emissions. Moreover, split injection of natural gas with proportional ISR after intake valve closing (IVC) is found to improve SFC, ITE, and power. Conversely, natural gas split injection strategy with proportional ISR after intake valve opening (IVO) yields poor engine performance. Overall, split injection of natural gas with low ISR yields the greatest engine performance at long dwelling time, whereas it worsens emissions compared to single injection of natural gas at 560°CA ATDC, which serves as the baseline condition. However, very low CO and HC emissions of natural gas split injection is achieved at low ISR and short dwelling time. Finally, this study reveals also that stratification of air/natural gas mixture due to natural gas split injection strategy can significantly improve the performance and emissions of dual-fuel diesel/natural gas engine at low load conditions