Hollow -an illustrative book

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Negotiation under possible third party settlement.

The effect of possible third party settlement on negotiation behaviour is studied in an economic bargaining experiment. The bargaining phase is preceded by a production phase that allows for different fairness principles to guide the division of the total production value. The experimental results show that a possible third party settlement lowers the dispute costs by reducing the number of rounds of alternating offers. In the presence of a third party, negotiators make first offers that are more strongly related to their production, which reduces the number of rounds of bargaining. The production phase has an effect on the distributional property of the settlements. In negotiations where third party settlement is an option, the negotiation outcome shifts towards a more unequal outcome, more in line with each person's contribution.Arbitration; Bargaining effciency; Experiment.

Organic hospital food is desired by patients and engages the kitchen

In December 2005 a questionnaire survey was conducted at the University Hospital in Trondheim, Norway. Patients and personnel expressed that food is important for their health and well-being. Good taste, appearance and right nutrition were mentioned as being important factors for food quality. About 80 % of the respondents were positive to the use of organic food at the hospital, even though only about half of them agreed that it is worth the price. The absence of pesticides, artificial fertilizers and preservatives in food was ranked to be more important than organic production of food. All respondents seemed to be critical to the use of pesticides and preservatives in food production and processing

On the needed quantity of government debt

People are having longer retirement periods, and population growth is slowing and has even stopped in some countries. In this paper we determined the implications of these changes for the needed amount of government debt. The needed debt is near zero if there are high tax rates and the transfer share of gross national income (GNI) is high. But, with such a system there are huge dead-weight losses as the result of the high tax rate on labor income. With a savings system, a large government debt to annual GNI ratio is needed, as large as 5 times GNI, and welfare is as much as 24 percent higher in terms of lifetime consumption equivalents than the tax-and-transfer system.

On the needed quantity of government debt

People are enjoying longer retirement periods, and population growth is slowing and, in some countries, falling. In this article, we determine the implications of these demographic changes for the needed amount of government debt. If tax rates and the transfer share of gross national income (GNI) are both high, the needed debt is near zero. With such a system, however, huge deadweight losses are incurred as a result of the high tax rate on labor income. With a savings system, a large government debt to annual GNI ratio is needed. In a country with early retirement and no population growth, the needed government debt is as large as five times GNI, and welfare is as much as 24 percent higher in terms of lifetime consumption equivalents in the savings system relative to the tax-and-transfer system.Debt

Life situation when your partner has substance use problems : Quality of life and everyday experiences

Substance use problems (SUPs) in a family member have a highly negative impact on both the person experiencing such problems and his or her relatives. An estimated 10 – 30% of people are affected by SUPs in a close family member. Several studies have been conducted on relatives of people with SUPs, and they have documented strains such as physical and mental health problems, isolation, lack of support, and disturbance of family routines. However, the partners of people with SUPs seem to have been studied mostly from a psychological perspective, using personality pathology as a model to explain them remaining in such a dysfunctional relationship. Furthermore, partners in these families have received limited attention from research as well as from health and social services, and the social and cultural contexts that these family members live in might have been ignored. This seems to particularly be the case if the partner cares for children alongside the person with an SUP. In Norway, legislation and guidelines impose on health and social services that relatives should be included and involved when a family member has an SUP, as well as receive support if they have substantial care tasks or burdens. To inform and include the partners of people with SUPs according to these legislations and guidelines, as well as to be able to identify their specific support needs, focusing on their life situation, quality of life (QoL), and everyday experiences is crucial.publishedVersio

Understanding Collaboration in Virtual Labs: A Learning Analytics Framework

Online education is increasing and progress within technology has inspired the development of virtual laboratories, which allow students to conduct experiments online. One of the main challenges of virtual laboratory environments is facilitating collaboration similar to those existing in physical laboratory settings. This research explores how one can obtain a better understanding of collaboration in virtual labs through the use of learning analytics. The research work of this thesis was carried out within the frame of design science research, where the main contribution is an artefact in the form of a learning analytics framework. The aim of the artefact is to provide a guiding framework for the integration of learning analytics to better understand and support learning and collaboration in virtual labs. The artefact was evaluated in two iterations using semi-structured interviews with seven experts. It was found through the artefact development process that social network anal- ysis, statistical analysis, natural language processing, and sentiment analysis are valuable data analysis methods for identifying patterns within collaboration in virtual labs. A proposal of a learning analytics dashboard has proved to be a valuable tool to visualise the analysis to the stakeholders in question (students and instructor). The overall reception of the framework was understandable and well-presented. The contribution of this research provides opportunities for future work which involves putting the framework into practice. The implementation of learning analytics to support collaboration in virtual labs can make it easier for students to reflect on their own performances and thereafter improve from it, as well as supporting instructors to reflect on their teaching methods and provide assistance to students in need.Masteroppgave i informasjonsvitenskapINFO390MASV-INF

"Negotiorum Gestio" in Family Medicine, Informed Consent Obtainment, and Disciplinary Responsibility

Introduction. Negotiorum gestio (NG) denotes an action where a person well intendedly acts on behalf of another without obtaining the latter’s prior consent. In broad terms, NG-like actions have played a considerable role in health care provision. In some settings, health care delivery with only little or presumed patients’ consent has been the rule rather than the exception. However, bioethical principles regarding patient autonomy and obtainment of the patient’s informed consent (IC) before intervention are now increasingly materialized in the law of many countries. Aim. To study legal consequences of NG in family medicine and IC handling options. Methods. Case law examination. Results. A disciplinary board case is described concerning a family doctor conducting unlawful NG by not coming up to legal IC requirements. Discussion and Conclusion. The practical and legal implications of IC and possible role of novel Shared Decision-Making approaches in coming up to regulation and bioethical demands are discussed. It is concluded that a doctor may run an unnecessary legal risk when conducting NG in decision-competent patients and furthermore it is suggested that novel Shared Decision-Making approaches could help in obtaining a rightful and practicable IC