Analysis of new modules in connection with calculation of the climate impact of buildings

Currently, the lifecycle scope included in the building regulation covers the product stage (A1-3), the replacements (B4) and parts of the end-of-life stage (C3-4) of buildings. The Danish Social And Housing Authority has asked BUILD to investigate the climate consequences of, and possibilities for including new stages and modules in the future requirement for climate impact of buildings. In this report, this has been seen in relation to the expected climate effect, availability of data and workload associated with the calculation of the modules that have been omitted in the 2023 requirement. The report finds that the inclusion of transport of materials and products to construction site (A4), construction process (A5), refrigerant leakage in use stage (B1), maintenance (B2), deconsrtuction and demolition (C1) and tranpost to waste processing and disposal (C4) can increase the median climate impact result by 2.77 kgCO2eq/m2/year in a 50-year reference study period. This corresponds to 24% of the whole life cycle impact

Autophagy and endocytosis – interconnections and interdependencies

Autophagy and endocytosis are membrane-vesicle-based cellular pathways for degradation and recycling of intracellular and extracellular components, respectively. These pathways have a common endpoint at the lysosome, where their cargo is degraded. In addition, the two pathways intersect at different stages during vesicle formation, fusion and trafficking, and share parts of the molecular machinery. Accumulating evidence shows that autophagy is dependent upon endocytosis and vice versa. The emerging joint network of autophagy and endocytosis is of vital importance for cellular metabolism and signaling, and thus also highly relevant in disease settings. In this Review, we will discuss examples of how the autophagy machinery impacts on endocytosis and cell signaling, and highlight how endocytosis regulates the different steps in autophagy in mammalian cells. Finally, we will focus on the interplay of these pathways in the quality control of their common endpoint, the lysosome