Students\u27 Perceptions of Part-time and Tenured/Tenure-Track Faculty: Accessibility, Mentoring, and Extra-Class Communication

This article examines students\u27 perceptions of teacher accessibility and mentoring ability, as well as students\u27 likelihood of pursuing extra-class communication (ECC) with their instructors, as related to teacher employment status. The article begins with an overview of differences between part-time and tenured/tenure-track faculty members, with particular attention to how these differences may impact students\u27 perceptions of instructors\u27 accessibility. It then addresses the mentoring relationship between students and faculty, and discuss how faculty employment status may affect students\u27 beliefs that they will receive useful mentoring from their instructors. Finally, the article introduces the construct of ECC and explores how faculty employment status of instructors may affect students\u27 ECC decisions

User requirements for the snow and land ice services - CryoLand

CryoLand (2011-2015) is a project carried out within the 7th Framework of the European Commission aimed at developing downstream services for monitoring seasonal snow, glaciers and lake/river ice primarily based on satellite remote sensing. The services target private and public users from a wide variety of application areas, and aim to develop sustainable services after the project is completed. The project has performed a thorough user requirement survey in order to derive targeted requirements for the service and provide recommendations for the design and priorities of the service. In this paper we describe the methods used, the major findings in this user survey, and how we used the results to design and specify the CryoLand snow and land ice service. The user requirement analysis shows that a European operational snow and land ice service is required and that there exists developed cryosphere products that can meet the specific needs. The majority of the users were mainly interested not only in the snow services, but also the lake/river ice products and the glacier products were desired

Comprehensive phylogenomic time tree of bryophytes reveals deep relationships and uncovers gene incongruences in the last 500 million years of diversification

<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Premise</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Bryophytes, land plants defined by a free-living gametophyte and an unbranched sporophyte, form a major component of terrestrial plant biomass, structuring ecological communities in all biomes. </span><span>Our understanding of the evolutionary history of hornworts, liverworts and mosses has been significantly reshaped by inferences from molecular data, highlighting extensive homoplasy in various traits and repeated bursts of diversification. However, the timing of key events in the phylogeny, and the degree to which the observed homoplasy represents error or biological processes, remain poorly resolved.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Methods</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Using the GoFlag probe set, we sampled 405 exons representing 228 nuclear genes for 531 species from 51 of the 53 orders of bryophytes. We inferred the species phylogeny from gene tree analyses using concatenated and coalescence approaches, assessed gene conflict, and estimated the timing of divergences based on 29 fossil calibrations.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Results</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>The phylogeny resolves many relationships across the bryophytes, enabling us to resurrect five liverwort orders and recognize three more, and propose ten new orders of mosses. Most orders originated in the Jurassic or earlier and diversified in the Cretaceous or later. The phylogenomic data also highlight topological conflict in parts of the tree, suggesting complex processes of diversification that cannot be adequately captured in a single gene tree topology. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Conclusions</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We sampled hundreds of homologous loci across a broad phylogenetic spectrum spanning at least 450 Ma of evolution, and these data resolved many of the critical nodes of the diversification of bryophytes. The data also highlight the need to explore the mechanisms underlying the phylogenetic ambiguity at specific nodes. The phylogenomic data provide an expandable framework toward reconstructing a comprehensive phylogeny of bryophytes and for investigating the transformations of traits in this important group of plants.</span></p><p>Funding provided by: National Science Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62<br>Award Number: 1541506</p><p>Funding provided by: National Science Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62<br>Award Number: 1541545</p><p>Funding provided by: National Science Foundation<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62<br>Award Number: 1753811</p><p>Funding provided by: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/01h531d29<br>Award Number: 05967–2016</p><p>Funding provided by: Canadian Foundation for Innovation*<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: <br>Award Number: 36781</p><p>Funding provided by: Canadian Foundation for Innovation*<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: <br>Award Number: 39135</p&gt