Pencirian Sebatian Bioaktif Daripada Triphasia Trifolia (Burm. F.) P.Wilson (Limau Kaya) Sebagai Bahan Antibakteria Dan Bahan Penyingkir Radikal Bebas [QP517.B44 K95 2007 f rb].

Penyaringan biologi ke atas 18 ekstrak dari tumbuhan Triphasia trifolia telah dilakukan terhadap 25 bakteria patogen dan radikal bebas 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Biological screening was conducted on 18 extracts of Triphasia trifolia against 25 pathogen bacteria and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical

What information and the extent of information research participants need in informed consent forms: a multi-country survey

Background: The use of lengthy, detailed, and complex informed consent forms (ICFs) is of paramount concern in biomedical research as it may not truly promote the rights and interests of research participants. The extent of information in ICFs has been the subject of debates for decades; however, no clear guidance is given. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the perspectives of research participants about the type and extent of information they need when they are invited to participate in biomedical research. Methods: This multi-center, cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted at 54 study sites in seven Asia-Pacific countries. A modified Likert-scale questionnaire was used to determine the importance of each element in the ICF among research participants of a biomedical study, with an anchored rating scale from 1 (not important) to 5 (very important). Results: Of the 2484 questionnaires distributed, 2113 (85.1%) were returned. The majority of respondents considered most elements required in the ICF to be \u27moderately important\u27 to \u27very important\u27 for their decision making (mean score, ranging from 3.58 to 4.47). Major foreseeable risk, direct benefit, and common adverse effects of the intervention were considered to be of most concerned elements in the ICF (mean score = 4.47, 4.47, and 4.45, respectively). Conclusions: Research participants would like to be informed of the ICF elements required by ethical guidelines and regulations; however, the importance of each element varied, e.g., risk and benefit associated with research participants were considered to be more important than the general nature or technical details of research. Using a participant-oriented approach by providing more details of the participant-interested elements while avoiding unnecessarily lengthy details of other less important elements would enhance the quality of the ICF