Tipos de governança multinível e a inteligência da regulação do setor de saneamento básico do Brasil: um novo pressuposto de fluidez da competência regulatória como instrumento de governança setorial

[Purpose] Considering the new legal framework for sanitation in Brazil, this article presents an expanded and innovative field for the performance of regulatory governance which, on one hand, has the need to innovate to improve the current system and lead it to achievement of its goals and, on the other hand, relies on the so-called “undefined and overlapping” of competences added to the problem of regulatory capture. [Methodology/approach/design] With this endeavor, it will address the findings made by political scientists Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks in 2001 on types of multi-level governance. They will be brought into the context of sanitation in Brazil by identifying and defining Types I and II. [Findings] This article suggests an intelligent regulation that allows the elaboration of flexible, adaptable, and sometimes fluid regulatory designs for the sector, which are added to the various mechanisms used so far in the regulation of sanitation in Brazil.[Purpose] Considering the new legal framework for sanitation in Brazil, this article presents an expanded and innovative field for the performance of regulatory governance which, on one hand, has the need to innovate to improve the current system and lead it to achievement of its goals and, on the other hand, relies on the so-called “undefined and overlapping” of competences added to the problem of regulatory capture. [Methodology/approach/design] With this endeavor, it will address the findings made by political scientists Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks in 2001 on types of multi-level governance. They will be brought into the context of sanitation in Brazil by identifying and defining Types I and II. [Findings] This article suggests an intelligent regulation that allows the elaboration of flexible, adaptable, and sometimes fluid regulatory designs for the sector, which are added to the various mechanisms used so far in the regulation of sanitation in Brazil. aís.[Propósito] Diante do novo marco legal do saneamento básico no Brasil, o presente artigo pretende apresentar um campo ampliado e inovador para a atuação da governança regulatória. Tal proposta partiu da necessidade de inovar para aprimorar o sistema atual e conduzi-lo ao atingimento de suas metas, e busca endereçar a conclamada “indefinição e sobreposição de competências”, somada ao problema da captura regulatória. [Metodologia/abordagem/design] O artigo aborda as constatações realizadas pelos cientistas políticos Liesbet Hooghe e Gary Marks em 2001 sobre tipos de governança multinível ou types of multi-level governance. [Resultados] Ao identificar e definir os Tipos I e II, eles serão trazidos para o contexto do saneamento básico do Brasil. Nessa ocasião, de forma original, o presente artigo científico passa a sugerir uma regulação inteligente que permita a elaboração de designs regulatórios flexíveis, adaptáveis e, por vezes, fluidos para o setor, que se somam aos diversos mecanismos até então utilizados na regulação do saneamento básico do país

Magnetization steps in Zn_(1-x)Mn_xO: Four largest exchange constants and single-ion anisotropy

Magnetization steps (MST's) from Mn pairs in several single crystals of Zn_(1-x)Mn_xO (0.0056<=x<=0.030, and in one powder (x=0.029), were observed. The largest two exchange constants, J1/kB=-18.2+/-0.5K and J1'/kB=-24.3+/-0.6K, were obtained from large peaks in the differential susceptibility, dM/dH, measured in pulsed magnetic fields, H, up to 500 kOe. These two largest J's are associated with the two inequivalent classes of nearest neighbors (NN's) in the wurtzite structure. The 29% difference between J1 and J1' is substantially larger than 13% in CdS:Mn, and 15% in CdSe:Mn. The pulsed-field data also indicate that, despite the direct contact between the samples and a superfluid-helium bath, substantial departures from thermal equilibrium occurred during the 7.4 ms pulse. The third- and fourth-largest J's were determined from the magnetization M at 20 mK, measured in dc magnetic fields H up to 90 kOe. Both field orientations H||c and H||[10-10] were studied. (The [10-10] direction is perpendicular to the c-axis, [0001].) By definition, neighbors which are not NN's are distant neighbors (DN's). The largest DN exchange constant (third-largest overall), has the value J/kB=-0.543+/-0.005K, and is associated with the DN at r=c. Because this is not the closest DN, this result implies that the J's do not decrease monotonically with the distance r. The second-largest DN exchange constant (fourth-largest overall), has the value J/kB=-0.080 K. It is associated with one of the two classes of neighbors that have a coordination number z=12, but the evidence is insufficient for a definite unique choice. The dependence of M on the direction of H gives D/kB=-0.039+/-0.008K, in fair agreement with -0.031 K from earlier EPR work.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures. Submitted to PR

Susceptibility Amplitude Ratios Near a Lifshitz Point

The susceptibility amplitude ratio in the neighborhood of a uniaxial Lifshitz point is calculated at one-loop level using field-theoretic and $\epsilon_{L}$-expansion methods. We use the Schwinger parametrization of the propagator in order to split the quadratic and quartic part of the momenta, as well as a new special symmetry point suitable for renormalization purposes. For a cubic lattice (d = 3), we find the result $\frac{C_{+}}{C_{-}} = 3.85$.Comment: 7 pages, late

Magnetization steps in a diluted Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain: Theory and experiments on TMMC:Cd

A theory for the equilibrium low-temperature magnetization M of a diluted Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain is presented. The magnetization curve, M versus B, is calculated using the exact contributions of finite chains with 1 to 5 spins, and the "rise and ramp approximation" for longer chains. Some non-equilibrium effects that occur in a rapidly changing B, are also considered. Specific non-equilibrium models based on earlier treatments of the phonon bottleneck, and of spin flips associated with cross relaxation and with level crossings, are discussed. Magnetization data on powders of TMMC diluted with cadmium [i.e., (CH_3)_4NMn_xCd_(1-x)Cl_3, with 0.16<=x<=0.50 were measured at 0.55 K in 18 T superconducting magnets. The field B_1 at the first MST from pairs is used to determine the NN exchange constant, J, which changes from -5.9 K to -6.5 K as x increases from 0.16 to 0.50. The magnetization curves obtained in the superconducting magnets are compared with simulations based on the equilibrium theory. Data for the differential susceptibility, dM/dB, were taken in pulsed magnetic fields (7.4 ms duration) up to 50 T, with the powder samples in a 1.5 K liquid-helium bath. Non-equilibrium effects, which became more severe as x decreased, were observed. The non-equilibrium effects are tentatively interpreted using the "Inadequate Heat Flow Scenario," or to cross-relaxation, and crossings of energy levels, including those of excited states.Comment: 16 pages, 14 figure

Specific heat amplitude ratios for anisotropic Lifshitz critical behaviors

We determine the specific heat amplitude ratio near a $m$-axial Lifshitz point and show its universal character. Using a recent renormalization group picture along with new field-theoretical $\epsilon_{L}$-expansion techniques, we established this amplitude ratio at one-loop order. We estimate the numerical value of this amplitude ratio for $m=1$ and $d=3$. The result is in very good agreement with its experimental measurement on the magnetic material $MnP$. It is shown that in the limit $m \to 0$ it trivially reduces to the Ising-like amplitude ratio.Comment: 8 pages, RevTex, accepted as a Brief Report in Physical Review

Callan-Symanzik-Lifshitz approach to generic competing systems

We present the Callan-Symanzik-Lifshitz method to approaching the critical behaviors of systems with arbitrary competing interactions. Every distinct competition subspace in the anisotropic cases define an independent set of renormalized vertex parts via normalization conditions with nonvanishing distinct masses at zero external momenta. Otherwise, only one mass scale is required in the isotropic behaviors. At the critical dimension, we prove: i) the existence of the Callan-Symanzik-Lifshitz equations and ii) the multiplicative renormalizability of the vertex functions using the inductive method. Away from the critical dimension, we utilize the orthogonal approximation to compute higher loop Feynman integrals, anisotropic as well as isotropic, necessary to get the exponents $\eta_{n}$ and $\nu_{n}$ at least up to two-loop level. Moreover, we calculate the latter exactly for isotropic behaviors at the same perturbative order. Similarly to the computation in the massless formalism, the orthogonal approximation is found to be exact at one-loop order. The outcome for all critical exponents matches exactly with those computed using the zero mass field-theoretic description renormalized at nonvanishing external momenta.Comment: 58 pages, RevTex4, no figure