BuehlmannHanssonKnaden_RawData

The file provides the raw data (xy coordinates) of foraging ants under different experimental conditions

Experimental procedure.

<p>(A) The ants' nest was connected with a tube to the training channel where the ants were trained to visit a feeder 1 m away from the nest entrance that was marked with either a magnetic, vibrational, visual, olfactory or no landmark. For size and shape of the solenoid, and for the application of the massaging rod next to the channel see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033117#s3" target="_blank">Material and Methods</a>. (B) Trained ants were displaced from the feeder of the training channel into the parallel test channel (displacement shown by dashed arrow) where the homing runs and nest searches of the tested ants were tracked and recorded. Blue filled circle, nest entrance; black filled circle, feeder; black empty circle, release point; blue empty circle, fictive nest position, red rectangle, landmark; blue dashed line, nest position as defined by path integration, red dashed line, nest position as defined by landmark. Nest-to-feeder distance, 1 m; landmark was 1 m behind fictive nest position in test channel. (C) Exemplar homing run and nest search. We analyzed the first six turning points (TP1–TP6) after the ants had crossed the nest-defining cue for the first time.</p

Response patterns of 11 classes of the four morphological types of sensilla trichodea on the antennae of female , representing 18 functional types and four non-responding types of ORNs

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Functional classification and central nervous projections of olfactory receptor neurons housed in antennal trichoid sensilla of female yellow fever mosquitoes, "</p><p></p><p>The European Journal of Neuroscience 2007;26(6):1611-1623.</p><p>Published online Jan 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2121139.</p><p>© The Authors (2007). Journal Compilation © Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd</p> This classification is based on a cluster analysis of the ORNs to a set of 16 odorants (presented on the left sides of the histograms). In all types, two neurons, i.e. A and B, were found. The neuronal responses of A and B are shown as average over () replicates, which for each functional type are presented in the graph. 2BE, 2-butoxyethanol; 4MCH, 4-methylcyclohexanol; lst, long sharp-tipped; sbtI, short blunt-tipped I; sbtII, short blunt-tipped II; sst, short sharp-tipped sensilla trichodea. The units for the abscissa are spikes/s

Summary schematic of the antennal lobe projections of the different classes of the receptor neurons (A and B)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Functional classification and central nervous projections of olfactory receptor neurons housed in antennal trichoid sensilla of female yellow fever mosquitoes, "</p><p></p><p>The European Journal of Neuroscience 2007;26(6):1611-1623.</p><p>Published online Jan 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2121139.</p><p>© The Authors (2007). Journal Compilation © Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd</p> The 3D reconstructions and glomerular nomenclature are after Ignell (2005). Letters mentioned in parenthesis refer the functional classes of the receptor neurons

Individual test runs of homing ants.

<p>Schematic nest searches of ants trained and tested with a nest-defining landmark that was either a magnetic, vibrational, visual or olfactory cue (red), control ants trained and tested without landmark (black) or naïve ants that experienced the landmark in the test for the first time (blue). Blue dashed line, nest position as defined by path integration; red dashed line, nest position as defined by landmark; point of release for each homing run at position -2 m from nest-defining cue. The first six turning points after the ants had passed the landmark for the first time were analyzed for their median position.</p

(A) Scanning electron micrograph of the head of a female shows the olfactory organs, the antennae (Ant) and maxillary palps (Mp)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Functional classification and central nervous projections of olfactory receptor neurons housed in antennal trichoid sensilla of female yellow fever mosquitoes, "</p><p></p><p>The European Journal of Neuroscience 2007;26(6):1611-1623.</p><p>Published online Jan 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2121139.</p><p>© The Authors (2007). Journal Compilation © Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd</p> (B) Scanning electron micrograph of an individual segment of the antenna of the same female shows the four sub-types of olfactory sensilla trichodea: short sharp-tipped (sst); short blunt-tipped I (sbtI); short blunt-tipped II (sbtII); and long sharp-tipped (lst)

Single-sensillum recordings from short sharp-tipped sensilla trichodea, later classified as sst1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Functional classification and central nervous projections of olfactory receptor neurons housed in antennal trichoid sensilla of female yellow fever mosquitoes, "</p><p></p><p>The European Journal of Neuroscience 2007;26(6):1611-1623.</p><p>Published online Jan 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2121139.</p><p>© The Authors (2007). Journal Compilation © Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd</p> Electron and light microscopic photographs of the sensillum type are shown in (A) and (B) , respectively. (C) Spontaneous activity of the ORNs housed in the sensillum reveals differences in spike amplitude between A and B neurons. Distribution of spike amplitudes of the two neurons is shown in (D). In response to a 0.5 s odour stimulation, the ORNs exhibited two modes of responses, excitatory when they were stimulated with 2-butoxyethanol (2BE) and indole (E and F), and inhibitory when they were stimulated with propionic acid (G). Filled and open circles indicate large and small action potentials from the A and B neurons, respectively

Image_1_The Drosophila melanogaster Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger CALX Controls the Ca2+ Level in Olfactory Sensory Neurons at Rest and After Odorant Receptor Activation.TIF

<p>CALX, the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger in Drosophila, is highly expressed in the outer dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) which are equipped with the odorant receptors (ORs). Insect OR/Orco dimers are nonselective cation channels that pass also calcium which leads to elevated calcium levels after OR activation. CALX exhibits an anomalous regulation in comparison to its homolog in mammals sodium/calcium exchanger, NCX: it is inhibited by increasing intracellular calcium concentration [Ca²⁺]_i. Thus, CALX mediates only Ca²⁺ efflux, not influx. The main goal of this study was to elucidate a possible role of this protein in the olfactory response. We first asked whether already described NCX inhibitors were capable of blocking CALX. By means of calcium imaging techniques in ex-vivo preparations and heterologous expression systems, we determined ORM-10962 as a potent CALX inhibitor. CALX inhibition did not affect the odor response but it affected the recovery of the calcium level after this response. In addition, CALX controls the calcium level of OSNs at rest.</p

Data_Sheet_1.docx

<p>Here we report on ultrastructural features of brain synapses in the fly Drosophila melanogaster and outline a perspective for the study of their functional significance. Images taken with the aid of focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (EM) at 20 nm intervals across olfactory glomerulus DA2 revealed that some synaptic boutons are penetrated by protrusions emanating from other neurons. Similar structures in the brain of mammals are known as synaptic spinules. A survey with transmission EM (TEM) disclosed that these structures are frequent throughout the antennal lobe. Detailed neuronal tracings revealed that spinules are formed by all three major types of neurons innervating glomerulus DA2 but the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) receive significantly more spinules than other olfactory neurons. Double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) that appear to represent material that has pinched-off from spinules are also most abundant in presynaptic boutons of OSNs. Inside the host neuron, a close association was observed between spinules, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. We propose that by releasing material into the host neuron, through a process triggered by synaptic activity and analogous to axonal pruning, synaptic spinules could function as a mechanism for synapse tagging, synaptic remodeling and neural plasticity. Future directions of experimental work to investigate this theory are proposed.</p

Schematic drawing of the wind tunnel (length, 250 cm; width, 90 cm; height, 90 cm).

<p>Females were released from a platform 50(distance between sources, 20 cm) were placed at the upwind entrance to the wind tunnel. These consisted of filter papers loaded with synthetic flower odors. Headspace volatiles from non-flowering plants placed in a glass cylinder outside the tunnel were released close to the source of flower volatiles.</p