Comparison of Bone Mineral Density Levels in Maraş Powder (Smokeless Tobacco) Users and Smokers in Healthy Men

Aim: Smoking and smokeless tobacco use are two recognized risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis. Maras powder (MP), a kind of smokeless tobacco, has a lot of addicts in the city of Kahramanmaraş and its surroundings, Turkey. This is the study investigating the effects of MP on BMD and comparing with smoking. Meterial and Methods: A total of 120 healthy male subjects (60 MP users, 60 smoker) from Maras City, Turkey were included in the study. All subjects information on demographics, health history, alcohol and tobacco use and medication use were obtained by an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Subjects who had any pathology that might affect BMD, were excluded from the study. Measurements of bone mineral density were obtained by phalangeal radiographic absorptiometry of the nondominant hand. BMD values (g/cm2) of MP users were compared with those of smokers. Results: The mean duration of MP use and the mean age of MP users were 30.6±14.4 years and 64.4±9.8 years, respectively. The mean duration of smoking and the mean age of smokers were 33.7±11.0 years and 61.6±10.4 years, respectively. The mean phalangeal BMD in MP users (0.31±0.04 g/cm2) was signi cantly lower than that in the smokers (0.33±0.03 g/cm2, p=0.004). Conclusion: In MP user males, BMD is lower compared to the smoker males. If our results are supported by other studies, it may be claimed that MP use is a very strong risk factor for low BMD value compared to cigarette smoking. (Turkish Journal of Osteoporosis 2013;19: 12-6

Sliding Mode Control of Rijke-Type Thermoacoustic Systems

Avascular necrosis is frequently associated with femoral head involvement and may also be observed in the knee joint, humeral head, wrist and foot. Avascular necrosis may also affect multiple joints. Bilateral involvement of both humeral and femoral heads is a rare condition in the same patient. A patient who complained about a sustained pain in both of his shoulders and hips for a few years applied to our outpatient clinic. The patient who had oral steroid treatment episodically was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis seven years ago. Arthroscopy-assisted decompression to the shoulder joints and core decompression to both hip joints were applied. The range of motions of both humeral and femoral joints was limited and painful prior to the surgical treatment. A follow-up after five years later showed that the patient's range of motions of joints was normal and no further treatment was necessary. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2013; 2(4.000): 246-250