Long-term average spectra of adult iranian speakers' voice

Introduction Long-term average spectrum (LTAS) allows quantifying the voice quality and provides an overview of the mean spectral characteristics of a voice. The aims of this study were to survey normal spectral characteristics of Persian and investigate sex-related changes in the source characteristics of dynamic speech using LTAS. Method Speech samples obtained from 30 male and 30 female Persian-speaking participants reading a text in habitual pitch and loudness level. At the LTAS window and using Praat software, the amplitude values were obtained at equal intervals of 160 Hz, ranging from 0 to 8 kHz. Results The main features of the average spectrum were as follows: peak in the region of 480 Hz with a reduction at higher frequencies, a 20 dB decline from 480 to 960 Hz, a flat region from 960 to 1920 Hz, a further decline from 1920 to 3040 Hz, and a further flat region from 3040 to 8000 Hz. In comparison to men, women revealed significant lower levels of amplitude at frequencies of 160 and 320 Hz and higher levels of amplitude at frequencies of 960, 3360, 3520, 3680, 3840, and 5920 Hz. Conclusion The overall shape and gender-related energy distribution pattern of the LTAS of Persian were more similar to those of English than to those of Korean. The more phonetic differences between Persian and Korean compared with Persian and English might contribute to different spectral characteristics. The present study tried to clarify the spectral characteristics of Iranian male and female voices and focused on more breathy voice quality for women than men. © 2014 The Voice Foundation

Dimensional analysis and stage-discharge relationship for weirs: a review

Deducing the weir flow stage-discharge relationship is a classical hydraulic problem. In this regard Buckingham\u2019s Theorem of dimensional analysis can be used to find simple and accurate formulas to obtain the rating curves of different weir types. At first, in this review paper the rectangular weir which is a very common hydraulic structure is studied. It is indicated that the crest shape, approach channel width, obliquity (angle between the weir crest and the direction normal to the flow motion) and vertical inclination (pivot weir) are the key parameters affecting the flow over the rectangular weirs. The flow over the triangular, labyrinth, parabolic, circular, elliptical, and W- weirs are also studied using dimensional analysis and incomplete self-similarity concept. For all mentioned weirs the stage-discharge relationships are presented and the application limits are discussed. The results of this paper can be used and implemented by the irrigation and drainage network designers to simplify the procedure of weir design

The position of clitics in Persian intonational structure

Contains fulltext : 86013.pdf (author's version ) (Open Access)Speech Prosody 2010, 11 mei 201

Assessing Stage-Discharge Relationships for Circular Overflow Structure

Circular overflow structures are used in irrigation and drainage networks as water measuring structures. Different approaches can be found in the literature to formulate the stage-discharge relationship of the circular weir. They are mainly categorized in three groups: (1)methods trying to simplify the complex elliptic integrals coming from the theoretical discharge equation; (2)methods that use the orifice formula and a discharge coefficient specific for the circular weir; and (3)approaches using dimensional analysis and Buckingham's Theorem. In this study, a nondimensional stage-discharge formula was obtained using Buckingham's Theorem to define the flow over the sharp-crested circular weir. Then the current available methods and experimental data from the literature were employed to calibrate the theoretically deduced stage-discharge relationship. The effect of the approach channel on the stage-discharge formula was also investigated using the experimental data available in the literature. Finally, the performances of different stage-discharge relationships are discussed and practical suggestions are provided

Experimental Modeling of Submerged Pivot Weir

An inclined rectangular overflow structure, also called a pivot weir, consists of a rectangular plate, angled downstream from the vertical, that can be used as an upstream water level control device. A pivot weir is submerged when the upstream water level is influenced by the downstream flow depth. In this paper, to investigate factors influencing submerged flow conditions, an extensive experimental program including 251 experimental trials was carried out using weir inclination angles of 39.6°, 53°, 85°, and 90° and weir heights ranging from 0.263 to 0.312 m. A formula to distinguish between free and submerged flow conditions was developed using the Π theorem of dimensional analysis and the incomplete self-similarity (ISS) theory, and the submergence threshold curve was calibrated by the measurements carried out in this study. Employing a similar theoretical procedure (dimensional analysis and ISS theory), the tailwater depth for which a downstream standing wave starts and a stage-discharge relationship for submerged conditions also were developed. A comparison with the submerged stage-discharge formula proposed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation revealed that the proposed method could be more accurate for the entire operating range and conditions evaluated

Experimental study on triangular central baffle flume

In this paper the results of the experiments performed to study the flow through a Triangular Central Baffle Flume (TCBF) are reported. The investigated flume consists of a triangular baffle of the apex angle of 75° with a given base width. The theoretical stage-discharge formula was deduced by applying the Buckingham's Theorem and incomplete self-similarity hypothesis and was calibrated using the laboratory measurements carried out in this investigation. The proposed stage-discharge formula is characterized by a mean absolute relative error of 7.4% and 72% of the data points are in an error range of ±5%. The results indicate that TCBF flume is characterized by a flow capacity higher than that of a typical central baffle flume. Experimental observations show that the contraction ratio is a key parameter to distinguish between free and submerged flow regimes through a TCBF. Finally, to identify the flow condition, submergence threshold condition was formulated

Experimental study and numerical simulation of inclined rectangular weirs

Inclined rectangular weirs, also named pivot weirs, are used both to adjust the upstream water level and to increase the flow capacity compared with that of normal rectangular weirs. However, the experimental studies available in the literature present contradictory conclusions for the inclined weir discharge capacity. In this paper, new experimental runs and numerical simulations were performed to investigate the effect of the rectangular weir inclination angle on the stage-discharge formula. The experiments were carried out using inclination angles ranging from 30\ub0 to 90\ub0. Buckingham's theorem of dimensional analysis was used to obtain an equation for the flow magnification ratio (the discharge through the pivot weir divided by the corresponding discharge over the vertical weir) as a function of theweir inclination angle. The experimental observations revealed that the flow magnification ratio increases with the inclination angle to a maximum of 1.082 for 30\ub0 of inclination. Bidimensional (2D) numerical analysis using theOpenFOAMcomputational fluid dynamic toolbox was also used. The flow magnification ratios obtained numerically confirmed those obtained experimentally

Closure to "experimental Modeling of Submerged Pivot Weir" by M. Bijankhan and V. Ferro

This paper is a Closure to “Experimental Modeling of Submerged Pivot Weir”

Discussion of "preliminary Study of Surface Hydraulic Jumps" by S. Ahmed, Y. Ye, H. Liu, and N. Rajaratnam

In this paper the results of Preliminary Study of Surface Hydraulic Jumps” by S. Ahmed, Y. Ye, H. Liu, and N. Rajaratnam are discusse