Apoptosis induced by parasitic diseases

Fatalities caused by parasitic infections often occur as a result of tissue injury that results from a form of host-cell death known as apoptosis. However, instead of being pathogenic, parasite-induced apoptosis may facilitate host survival. Consequently, it is of utmost importance to decipher and understand the process and the role of apoptosis induced or controlled by parasites in humans. Despite this, few studies provide definitive knowledge of parasite-induced host-cell apoptosis. Here, the focus is on a consideration of host-cell apoptosis as either a pathogenic feature or as a factor enabling parasite survival and development

Are protozoan metacaspases potential parasite killers?

Mechanisms concerning life or death decisions in protozoan parasites are still imperfectly understood. Comparison with higher eukaryotes has led to the hypothesis that caspase-like enzymes could be involved in death pathways. This hypothesis was reinforced by the description of caspase-related sequences in the genome of several parasites, including Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Although several teams are working to decipher the exact role of metacaspases in protozoan parasites, partial, conflicting or negative results have been obtained with respect to the relationship between protozoan metacaspases and cell death. The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge of protozoan parasite metacaspases within a drug targeting perspective

Antimalarial stewardship programs are urgently needed for malaria elimination: a perspective

Global malaria cases have not been significantly reduced over the last three years although more than USD 3 billion was invested in malaria control and elimination. The reasons for this stagnation are highly complex and multi-factorial. It remains that almost three billion treatment courses were supplied over the period 2010–2017: 30% of them without malaria tests, and some with suboptimal doses leading to the risk of selection of resistant parasites. An antimalarial stewardship program should be implemented at the healthcare provider, physician, pharmacist, medical student, and population levels. This would significantly reinforce the impact of international guidelines and national malaria program policies and fill the gap between recommendations and actual practices

Systematic review of Plasmodium knowlesi in Indonesia: a risk of emergence in the context of capital relocation to Borneo?

Background: The Indonesian Republic plans to relocate its capital from Jakarta to East Kalimantan, Borneo Island, in the next few years. This relocation may be associated with deforestation, decreased biodiversity, and an increased risk of emerging zoonotic infections, including Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. The Malaysian part of Borneo Island is one of the main hotspots of P. knowlesi malaria. Methods: Considering this risk, we evaluated the transmission dynamics of P. knowlesi in the Indonesian Archipelago based on a literature search and extensive review of data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health. Results: We report that 545 P. knowlesi cases were documented in Indonesia, mainly in the Aceh and North Sumatra provinces, with 95% of these occurring in the last 4 years. Conclusions: The main P. knowlesi vectors are present in the area of the future capital, requiring strengthened surveillance to reduce the risk of emerging cases in a rapidly growing population

A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for correlation between molecular markers of parasite resistance and treatment outcome in falciparum malaria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>An assessment of the correlation between anti-malarial treatment outcome and molecular markers would improve the early detection and monitoring of drug resistance by <it>Plasmodium falciparum</it>. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the risk of treatment failure associated with specific polymorphisms in the parasite genome or gene copy number.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Clinical studies of non-severe malaria reporting on target genetic markers (SNPs for <it>pfmdr1</it>, <it>pfcrt</it>, <it>dhfr</it>, <it>dhps</it>, gene copy number for <it>pfmdr1</it>) providing complete information on inclusion criteria, outcome, follow up and genotyping, were included. Three investigators independently extracted data from articles. Results were stratified by gene, codon, drug and duration of follow-up. For each study and aggregate data the random effect odds ratio (OR) with 95%CIs was estimated and presented as Forest plots. An OR with a lower 95^thconfidence interval > 1 was considered consistent with a failure being associated to a given gene mutation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>92 studies were eligible among the selection from computerized search, with information on <it>pfcrt </it>(25/159 studies), <it>pfmdr1 </it>(29/236 studies), <it>dhfr </it>(18/373 studies), <it>dhps </it>(20/195 studies). The risk of therapeutic failure after chloroquine was increased by the presence of <it>pfcrt </it>K76T (Day 28, OR = 7.2 [95%CI: 4.5–11.5]), <it>pfmdr1 </it>N86Y was associated with both chloroquine (Day 28, OR = 1.8 [95%CI: 1.3–2.4]) and amodiaquine failures (OR = 5.4 [95%CI: 2.6–11.3, p < 0.001]). For sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine the <it>dhfr </it>single (S108N) (Day 28, OR = 3.5 [95%CI: 1.9–6.3]) and triple mutants (S108N, N51I, C59R) (Day 28, OR = 3.1 [95%CI: 2.0–4.9]) and <it>dhfr</it>-<it>dhps </it>quintuple mutants (Day 28, OR = 5.2 [95%CI: 3.2–8.8]) also increased the risk of treatment failure. Increased <it>pfmdr1 </it>copy number was correlated with treatment failure following mefloquine (OR = 8.6 [95%CI: 3.3–22.9]).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>When applying the selection procedure for comparative analysis, few studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria compared to the large number of papers identified, but heterogeneity was limited. Genetic molecular markers were related to an increased risk of therapeutic failure. Guidelines are discussed and a checklist for further studies is proposed.</p

Neuroprotection and Cerebral Malaria, Of Mice and Men

Chaque année, au moins 300 millions de personnes sont touchées par le paludisme et plus d’1 million d’entre elles en décèdent. Le neuropaludisme reste une complication mortelle, notamment chez les jeunes enfants d’Afrique. En dehors de la résistance aux antipaludiques, un défi de la lutte contre le paludisme est de définir la place des traitements protecteurs de l’hôte associés aux antipaludiques. En effet, le taux de mortalité résiduelle au cours du neuropaludisme est d’environ 20%, malgré un traitement adapté. Ce travail décrit les modèles expérimentaux de neuropaludisme, la place des neuroprotecteurs dans cette pathologie, puis, l’efficacité de deux neuroprotecteurs, l’érythropoïétine recombinante et les statines, au cours d’un neuropaludisme expérimental. Enfin, la pertinence de la neuroprotection sera documentée par une étude de preuve de concept chez l’Homme en zone d’endémie.There are at least 300 million cases of malaria each year, resulting in more than a million deaths. Cerebral malaria is the most severe complication of malaria especially in young African children. Besides drug resistance, another challenge in the fight against malaria is the protective treatment of the host combined to the conventional antimalarial treatment. This opportunity came with the consideration of cerebral malaria residual case fatality rate of about 20%, despite a timely adequate antimalarial treatment. This work describes the available experimental model of cerebral malaria, the place of neuroprotective therapies in this disease and the efficacy of two neuroprotective drugs, recombinant erythropoietin and statins, during experimental cerebral malaria. Last, a proof-of-concept study documented the relevance of neuroprotection during human cerebral malaria in endemic are