CogCell: Cognitive Interplay between 60GHz Picocells and 2.4/5GHz Hotspots in the 5G Era

Rapid proliferation of wireless communication devices and the emergence of a variety of new applications have triggered investigations into next-generation mobile broadband systems, i.e., 5G. Legacy 2G--4G systems covering large areas were envisioned to serve both indoor and outdoor environments. However, in the 5G-era, 80\% of overall traffic is expected to be generated in indoors. Hence, the current approach of macro-cell mobile network, where there is no differentiation between indoors and outdoors, needs to be reconsidered. We envision 60\,GHz mmWave picocell architecture to support high-speed indoor and hotspot communications. We envisage the 5G indoor network as a combination of-, and interplay between, 2.4/5\,GHz having robust coverage and 60\,GHz links offering high datarate. This requires an intelligent coordination and cooperation. We propose 60\,GHz picocellular network architecture, called CogCell, leveraging the ubiquitous WiFi. We propose to use 60\,GHz for the data plane and 2.4/5GHz for the control plane. The hybrid network architecture considers an opportunistic fall-back to 2.4/5\,GHz in case of poor connectivity in the 60\,GHz domain. Further, to avoid the frequent re-beamforming in 60\,GHz directional links due to mobility, we propose a cognitive module -- a sensor-assisted intelligent beam switching procedure -- which reduces the communication overhead. We believe that the CogCell concept will help future indoor communications and possibly outdoor hotspots, where mobile stations and access points collaborate with each other to improve the user experience.Comment: 14 PAGES in IEEE Communications Magazine, Special issue on Emerging Applications, Services and Engineering for Cognitive Cellular Systems (EASE4CCS), July 201

A cross-sectional study of long-term satisfaction after surgery for congenital syndactyly:does skin grafting influence satisfaction?

Syndactyly correction without skin grafting is advocated because it prevents graft-related complications and donor site morbidity. In this cross-sectional study, we compared satisfaction among patients who underwent correction with and without skin grafting to determine preference based on subjective and objective parameters. Retrospective chart analysis was performed among 27 patients (49 webs) who were seen at follow-up after a median follow-up period of 7.4 years, at which the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, the Withey score and a satisfaction survey were used. Notably, there were no significant differences in complication rates or observer rated scar scores. Although the need for an additional surgical procedure was higher after skin grafting, patient-rated satisfaction scores were similar irrespective of the use of grafting. Our data suggest that corrections can best be performed without skin grafts if seeking to minimize the need for an additional procedure, but that the use of skin grafts does not appear to affect patient satisfaction. Level of evidence: IV

Rings Additively Generated by Periodic Elements

In the present paper, as a generalization of the classical periodic rings, we explore those rings whose elements are additively generated by two (or more) periodic elements by calling them additively periodic. We prove that, in some major cases, additively periodic rings remain periodic too; this includes, for instance, algebraic algebras, group rings, and matrix rings over commutative rings. Moreover, we also obtain some independent results for the new class of rings; for example, the triangular matrix rings retain that property.Comment: 16 page

Analisis Kemampuan Representasi Matematis Siswa Ditinjau dari Motivasi Belajar

Penelitian dilakukan di SMP Negeri 2 Amanuban Tengah  dengan subjek adalah siswa kelas VII sebanyak 13 siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa tes, angket dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa bermotivasi tinggi, dari keempat indikator representasi matematika sudah mampu pada indikator menyajikan kembali data atau informasi dari suatu representasi ke representasi tabel tapi tidak pada tiga indikator representasi matematika lainnya. Siswa bermotivasi tinggi lainnya juga sudah mampu pada indikator menyajikan kembali data atau informasi dari suatu representasi ke representasi tabel namun kurang mampu pada tiga indikator lainnya sedangkan siswa dengan motivasi belajar sedang mampu menyelesaikan keempat indikator dengan baik. Siswa dengan motivasi belajar sedang lainnya juga sudah mampu menyelesaikan  indikator menyajikan kembali data atau informasi dari suatu representasi ke representasi tabel, kurang mampu pada dua indikator dan tidak mampu menyelesaikan masalah dengan melibatkan ekspresi matematika. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa siswa bermotivasi belajar tinggi belum tentu memiliki representasi matematika yang tinggi dan siswa yang memiliki motivasi belajar sedang  belum tentu memiliki representasi matematika yang rendah

Reciprocity in Manager-Subordinate Relationships: Components, Configurations, and Outcomes

The EU, which produces about 80 million tons of vegetable protein (half of which is fodder) imports about 15 million tons of non-processed and coproducts of the food industry not usable by humans. About 87 % of the domestic consumption of vegetal proteins is for animal feed and allows the production of 11 million tons of animal protein for milk, meat and eggs. The highly developed compound feed industry provides 67 % of the protein excluding fodder and shows a strong diversification in its raw materials consumed. Globally, soybeans, whose imports have declined significantly over the past 10 years, account for only 18 % of the plant proteins used by animals. The EU's rate in world imports has decreased from 60 % in the early 1970s to less than 19 % today. France consumes 12 million tons of animal protein feed and has many similarities with the EU, but there is a key difference: it is a net exporter of 1.5 million tons of vegetal protein mainly as cereals. Whereas the EU is a net importer of "agricultural areas", France can export both animal and plant proteins thanks to its large agricultural areas and the diversity of its agricultures (with the Great West being specialized in animal production and other regions that benefit from high yields of plants)

On subgroups in division rings of type 22

Let $D$ be a division ring with center $F$. We say that $D$ is a {\em division ring of type $2$} if for every two elements $x, y\in D,$ the division subring $F(x, y)$ is a finite dimensional vector space over $F$. In this paper we investigate multiplicative subgroups in such a ring.Comment: 10 pages, 0 figure

The disulfide relay system of mitochondria is connected to the respiratory chain

All proteins of the intermembrane space of mitochondria are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized in the cytosol. Many of these proteins lack presequences but are imported into mitochondria in an oxidation-driven process that relies on the activity of Mia40 and Erv1. Both factors form a disulfide relay system in which Mia40 functions as a receptor that transiently interacts with incoming polypeptides via disulfide bonds. Erv1 is a sulfhydryl oxidase that oxidizes and activates Mia40, but it has remained unclear how Erv1 itself is oxidized. Here, we show that Erv1 passes its electrons on to molecular oxygen via interaction with cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase. This connection to the respiratory chain increases the efficient oxidation of the relay system in mitochondria and prevents the formation of toxic hydrogen peroxide. Thus, analogous to the system in the bacterial periplasm, the disulfide relay in the intermembrane space is connected to the electron transport chain of the inner membrane

Collective leadership dynamics among professional peers: Co-constructing an unstable equilibrium

Professional service firms (PSFs) are characterised by contingent and contested power relations among an extended group of professional peers. Studies of such firms can therefore yield important insights for the literatures on collective leadership and leader–follower relations. Yet to date PSF scholars have neglected the topic of leadership,and leadership scholars have neglected the context of PSFs.Based on 102 interviewsacross the consulting, accounting, and legal sectors, we identify three relational processesthrough which professional peers co-construct collective leadership:legitimising, negotiating, and manoeuvring. We demonstrate how the relational processes taken together constitute an unstable equilibrium, both in the moment and over time, emphasising how leadership in PSFs is inherently contested and fragile. Our model contributes to theories of collective leadership and leader–follower relations by foregrounding the power and politics thatunderlie collective leadership. We highlight the significance of the individual leader within the collective. We challengeassumptionsconcerning the binary nature of leadership and followership,by showing how colleagues may grant leadership identities to their peers without necessarily granting them leadership authority, and without claiming follower identities for themselves