Análise da paisagem de uma cidade no Sul do Brasil: a paisagem urbana na área central de Blumenau/SC - Brasil

Este trabalho pretende analisar a paisagem urbana na área central de Blumenau/SC - Brasil, a partir da década de 1950, para demonstrar a importância dessa paisagem historicamente construída como um bem patrimonial que deve ser valorizado. Esse patrimônio, culturalmente e socialmente constituído, que é a paisagem, encontra-se ameaçado por sucessivas políticas públicas de desvalorização da história da cidade e pela construção de grandes cenários com imagens urbanas emblemáticas, principalmente a partir da década de 1970, quando ocorre uma ameaça mais efetiva à área de estudo. A principal problemática, atualmente, são as sucessivas tentativas do próprio poder público em tentar vender a cidade como um objeto, através dessas imagens emblemáticas. Essas políticas públicas tratam da espetacularização urbana, da mercantilização dos espaços e da própria paisagem da cidade.This study aims to examine the urban landscape in the central area of Blumenau/SC - Brazil, from the 1950s, to demonstrate the importance of this landscape historically constituted as a heritage that should be valued. This heritage, culturally and socially constituted, which is the landscape, is threatened by successive politics of devaluation of the city's history and the construction of large scenarios with emblematic urban images, mainly from the 1970s, when a threat occurs more effectively to the study area. The main problem currently are the successive attempts of the government in trying to sell the city as an object through these emblematic urban images. These public politics dealing with a urban spectacle, the commercialization of space and the landscape of the city

Carcinogenesis in the Pituitary Dwarf Mouse. The Response to Dimethylbenzanthracene Applied to the Skin

THE response to a carcinogen is determined not only by the nature and the quantity of the agent but also by genetic and epigenetic factors which influence tissue susceptibility. In mice the reaction to agents inducing lymphatic leukaemia depends on genetic constitution, endocrine status (Kaplan, Nagareda and Brown, 1954) and on the presence or absence of the thymus. In rats presence or absence of the adenohypophysis determines whether cancer of the liver will or will not develop after administration of azo dyes or of aminofluorene and related compounds. Generally it is not difficult to make a distinction between the role of genetic and of epigenetic factors in carcinogenesis, but in the case of the pituitary dwarf mouse it is less easy to differentiate between the two. Pituitary dwarfism is due to an inherited defect of the adenohypophysis and in consequence, through lack of trophic pituitary hormones, a complex hormonal deficiency is present in these animals, an epigenetic phenomenon. Although most of the secondary disorders affecting gonads, thyroids and adrenals can be rectified by substitution therapy, complete normalization of the female dwarf mouse has not bee

Fear for manufacturing? China and the future of industry in Brazil and Latin America

There has been considerable concern in Latin America over the implications of increased competition from China for local industry. These concerns include the possibility of "deindustrialization," the increased "primarization" of the region's exports and the difficulties of upgrading manufactured exports into higher technology products. This article examines the impact of Chinese competition both in the domestic market and in export markets on Brazilian industry. It documents the increased penetration of Chinese manufactures in the Brazilian market and the way in which Brazilian exports have lost market share to China in the US, European Union and four Latin American countries. Brazil, because of its more developed and locally integrated industrial sector, is not typical of other Latin American countries and the article also discusses the relevance of the Brazilian experience for the region as a whole

Investigations on the Role of Thyroxine in the Development of Hepatomas in Hypophysectomized Rats and Pituitary Dwarf Mice

IT has been shown that the susceptibility of epithelial tissues to powerful chemical carcinogens is not a constant entity determined solely by the genetic constitution but varies according to the endocrine status of the experimental animal. The importance of the endocrine status is easily demonstrated when the liver is the target organ of the carcinogen, because the difference between the response of the intact and that of the hypophysectomized (Griffin, Rinfret and Corsigilia, 1953) or thyroidectomized (Bielschowsky and Hall, 1953) rat to hepatoma inducing agents is of an order of magnitude sufficient to make statistical treatment of results superfluous. After ablation of these glands the liver is refractory to azo dyes as well as to aminofluorene and its derivatives. How this effect comes about is still problematical; neither has the role of individual hormones been elucidated, nor is it certain whether the hormonal requirements necessary for the development of liver tumours are the same for all agents (O'Neal, Hoffman, Dodge and Griffin, 1958; Dodge, O'Neal, Chang and Griffin, 1961). The experiments presented in this paper were designed to enquire once more into the role of the thyroid hormone in the pathogenesis of hepatomas. It was expected that findings obtained in hypophysectomized rats and in pituitary dwarf mice would be more amenable to interpretation than those obtained in intact or thyroidectomized rats and allow a sharper distinction between direct and indirect effects of the thyroid hormone to be made

The length-tension diagrams of human oblique muscles in trochlear palsy and strabismus sursoadductorius

We determined the relation between length and tension in detached oblique muscles of 16 strabismus patients that underwent surgery, before and during contraction evoked by intravenous administration of succinylcholine. We frequently found a nonlinear relation between length and tension, unlike our previous findings in recti. In superior oblique palsies, the superior oblique was found, before injection of succinylcholine, to be stiff after elongation, and did not contract after injection of succinylcholine, while the ipsilateral inferior oblique contract after injection of succinylcholine, but with a higher spring constant than did usual. In 3 cases the superior oblique contracted vividly after administration of succinylcholine despite the presence of excyclotropia, stereopsis, torticollis (2 cases) and a hypertropia that increased in adduction, in downgaze, in adduction-and-downgaze and on ipsilateral head-tilt. The finding of a vividly contracting superior oblique is incompatible with the diagnosis of a complete superior oblique palsy. We conclude that some of the cases diagnosed as congenital superior oblique palsy, having a hypertropia increasing in adduction, in downgaze, in adduction-and-downgaze and on ipsilateral head-tilt, are in fact cases of unilateral strabismus sursoadductorius (upshoot in adduction), a non-paretic motility disorder