Semantic Internalism Is a Mistake

The concept of narrow content is still under discussion in the debate over mental representation. In the paper, one-factor dimensional accounts of representation are analyzed, particularly the case of Fodor's methodological solipsism. In methodological solipsism, semantic properties of content are arguably eliminated in favor of syntactic ones. If “narrow content” means content properties independent of external factors to a system (as in Segal's view), the concept of content becomes elusive. Moreover, important conceptual problems with one-factor dimensional account are pointed out as a result of analysis arguments presented by J. Searle, S. Harnad and T. Burge. Furthermore, these problems are illustrated with psychological and ethological examples. Although understanding content as partially independent from contextual factors allows theorists to preserve content properties, it seems that understanding content in total abstraction from external factors of these properties is implausible. As a result, internalism is rejected in favor of externalism.Publikacja została sfinansowana ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego w ramach programu Narodowego Programu Rozwoju Humanistyki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji 0014/NPRH4/H3b/83/2016 - projekt „Przygotowanie i publikacja dwóch anglojęzycznych numerów monograficznych Internetowego Magazynu Filozoficznego HYBRIS” (3bH 15 0014 83)

Spread Mind and Causal Theories of Content

In this paper, I analyze a type of externalist enactivism defended by Riccardo Manzotti. Such radical versions of enactivism are gaining more attention, especially in cognitive science and cognitive robotics. They are radical in that their notion of representation is purely referential, and content is conflated with reference. Manzotti follows in the footsteps of early causal theories of reference that had long been shown to be inadequate. It is commonly known that radical versions of externalism may lead to difficulties with the notion of representation, especially if they cannot help themselves with the notion of syntax. I argue that a type of externalism present in Manzotti’s enactivism may well lead to anti-representationalism

The Gendered Challenges of At-Home Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic

In mid-March of 2020, schools across New York state faced closures due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Coupled with closures of many workplaces and a general move towards remote work, this unprecedented situation forced families to adapt to the new normal: school, home, and work were now all happening in the same space, at the same time. Parents could no longer rely on schools or outside childcare options to keep their children occupied. While each school district developed its own strategies of teaching children remotely, a common experience was an increased need for parental involvement in children’s everyday schooling, which was particularly true for families with younger children. This paper discusses the ways in which families have navigated at-home learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. I focus on the ways in which families divide at-home learning responsibilities and how they explain those divisions. In particular, I focus on the experiences of working mothers and the challenges they face when trying to balance their employment with at-home learning responsibilities. I argue that explaining the gendered division of parenting responsibilities primarily through employment and convenience does not account for the experiences of most working mothers in the sample. Rather, essentialist gender ideas around caregiving and parenting remain salient, suggesting that gender remains the primary means of stratification in the family. Further, engaging with literature on intensive mothering and emotion work, I argue that women are disproportionately affected by the challenges of at-home learning and are held to higher parenting standards than men, which further exposes gendered inequalities in the family

The effect of milk fat replacement and the addition of Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37 on the sensory properties of cheeses

Tržište sireva sa zrenjem brzo raste i izrazito je kompetitivno. Proizvođači mliječnih proizvoda proširili su svoj asortiman na proizvode slične siru koji sadrže zamjene za mliječnu mast. Takvi proizvodi postaju sve popularniji kako među proizvođačima hrane, tako među potrošačima koji su u potrazi za jeftinijim zamjenama za sir. Mast određuje senzorska svojstva sira. Međutim, senzorska kvaliteta sira može se modificirati i primjenom pomoćnih starter kultura. U ovom istraživanju ispitivan je utjecaj uporabe palminog ulja kao zamjene za mliječnu mast i soja Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37 kao pomoćne starter kulture na senzorska svojstva nizozemskog tipa sira te zamjena za sir tijekom razdoblja zrenja. Svim uzorcima određivan je kemijski sastav, sadržaj hlapivih sastojaka i boja. Zamjena mliječne masti palminim uljem uzrokovala je razlike u senzorskom profilu i boji zamjena za sir te je smanjila senzorsku kvalitetu ovih proizvoda. Međutim, dodatak soja L. paracasei LPC-37 poboljšao je senzorska svojstva zamjena za sir.The market of ripened cheese is growing rapidly and is highly competitive. Dairy manufacturers have expanded their product range to include cheese-like products where milk fat is replaced with vegetable oils. Cheese-like products have gained popularity among both convenient food producers and consumers looking for cheaper cheese substitutes. Fat determines the sensory attributes of cheeses. The sensory quality of cheese can also be modified through the addition of selected adjunct cultures. This study evaluated the influence of milk fat replacement with palm oil and the addition of an adjunct culture of Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37 on the sensory attributes of Dutch-type cheeses and cheese-like products during ripening. The chemical composition, content of volatile compounds and colour were analysed. The replacement of milk fat with palm oil contributed to differences in the sensory profile and colour of cheese-like products and deteriorated their sensory quality. However, the addition of L. paracasei LPC-37 improved the sensory characteristics of cheese-like products

Czynniki ryzyka ostrego zespołu wieńcowego u osób z przedwczesną chorobą sercowo-naczyniową

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death worldwide. In the last 40 years we can observe increase in prevalence of CVDs among young population. [1] Control of risk factors is especially important in young group of patients because the long-term prognosis for this group is particularly unfavorable.[2] MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 medical records of following patients hospitalized between 2014 - 2017 in Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases in Cracow Specialist Hospital were analyzed with special attention to myocardial infarction risk factors. The study included 58 women under the age of 55 and 42 men under 45 divided into two groups with or without acute coronary syndrome (ACS). RESULTS: 86% of examined population had LDL level higher than 1,8 mmol/l, 65% smoked cigarettes and 86,4% had thickened intima-media complex. HDL level was below the norm in 47,4% of the group with ACS and only in 20,9% of the group without ACS (p < 0,05). Significant differences between groups in combined risk factors were observed in decreased HDL level accompanied by increased LDL (40,4% with ACS, 20,9% without ACS), tobacco abuse (38,6% with ACS, 18,6% without ACS) or arterial hypertension (40,4% with ACS, 18,6% without ACS). CONCLUSION: The most important risk factor of acute myocardial infarction in the studied group with early onset of CVD was reduced HDL level.ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death worldwide. In the last 40 years we can observe increase in prevalence of CVDs among young population. [1] Control of risk factors is especially important in young group of patients because the long-term prognosis for this group is particularly unfavorable.[2] MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 medical records of following patients hospitalized between 2014 - 2017 in Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases in Cracow Specialist Hospital were analyzed with special attention to myocardial infarction risk factors. The study included 58 women under the age of 55 and 42 men under 45 divided into two groups with or without acute coronary syndrome (ACS). RESULTS: 86% of examined population had LDL level higher than 1,8 mmol/l, 65% smoked cigarettes and 86,4% had thickened intima-media complex. HDL level was below the norm in 47,4% of the group with ACS and only in 20,9% of the group without ACS (p &lt; 0,05). Significant differences between groups in combined risk factors were observed in decreased HDL level accompanied by increased LDL (40,4% with ACS, 20,9% without ACS), tobacco abuse (38,6% with ACS, 18,6% without ACS) or arterial hypertension (40,4% with ACS, 18,6% without ACS). CONCLUSION: The most important risk factor of acute myocardial infarction in the studied group with early onset of CVD was reduced HDL level

The ventricular assist device: a bridge to ventricular recovery, a bridge to heart transplantation or destination therapy?

Despite advances in pharmacological treatments aimed at a neurohormonal blockade for heart failure, there is still a growing number of patients with advanced symptoms who suffer significant morbidity and mortality. At present the most effective cure for end-stage congestive heart failure is cardiac transplantation. This method is severely limited owing to a lack of available organs. This is why ventricular assist devices (VADs) capable of completely supporting the circulation are taking on an increasingly important role in heart failure therapy. VADs are important bridges to cardiac transplantation. The Randomised Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure (REMATCH) trial revealed that they could be used as long-term destination therapy for non-transplant candidates. The latest studies show that VAD support may also function as a bridge to ventricular recovery and enable this procedure to take place. Apart from foreign devices, there is the Polish system (PCAS), which is being prepared for introduction into global practice. (Cardiol J 2007; 14: 14&#8211;23

Metrorrhagia iuvenilis and Premenstrual Syndrome as frequent problems of adolescent gynecology with aspects of diet therapy

Painful menstruation, premenstrual syndrome and metrorrhagia iuvenilis are one of the most common problems related to the sexual cycle in adolescent girls. Metrorrhagia iuvenilis is acyclic bleeding that occurs in adolescents and lasts from over 10 days even up to 3 months. These bleeds are very abundant and have a tendency to relapse. They cause anemia, and severe cases can be life-threatening. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a cluster of somatic, emotional and behavioural symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The aetiology of PMS remains unknown. According to strict diagnostic criteria, an estimated 2.5–5% of girls and women are affected by PMS. However, some researchers maintain that the symptoms of PMS may be prevalent in as many as 40–80% of girls and women. This article it has been discussed premenstrual syndrome and metrorrhagia iuvenilis and aspects related to dietotherapy were included