Genetic Basis And Clinical Perspectives Of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer, a widespread malignancy affecting women, originates in the epithelial tissues of the breast. This study explores the significance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer etiology. Approximately 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are hereditary, resulting from germline mutations in these genes. BRCA mutations increase the risk of breast cancer, with carriers facing a likelihood of 45% to 75% of developing the disease. Additionally, the aggressive phenotype of BRCA-related breast cancers is marked by features like triple-negative attributes and higher grades. In India, the incidence of breast cancer is escalating, projected to reach 250,000 cases by 2030. Alarming mortality rates underscore the necessity for effective interventions. The five-stage classification of breast cancer—from non-invasive disease in Stage 0 to metastatic spread in Stage IV—provides a framework for diagnosis and treatment. Earlystage breast cancers are manageable with surgery and hormone therapy. In locally advanced breast cancer (Stage III), a combination ofchemotherapy and surgery is employed after metastatic spread to lymph nodes and other sites. Stage IV breast cancer, representing the most advanced phase, presents significant treatment challenges. Current therapies encompass systemic drugs, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, although achieving a definitive cure remains elusive. This study emphasizes the crucial role of BRCA mutations in breast cancer susceptibility, stressing the importance of genetic screening and targeted interventions. Furthermore, it explores the complexities of disease staging, guiding treatment strategies based on disease extent. Despite considerable progress, continuous research efforts are essential to enhancing diagnostic precision and developing more effective treatments for this intricate and multifaceted disease (Łukasiewicz et al., 2021; Smolarz et al., 2022)

Damage detection in beams with an open crack using S transform

The successful detection of change in a data or in any of its derivatives in the presence of noise is a critical component of structural health monitoring and damage detection. This sudden change can be brought about by a sudden change in the strain or the stress field of the structural system under consideration. Two very typical examples of such sudden changes are the sudden change in stiffness of a vibrating single degree of freedom system in time and the local perturbation of stress and strain fields of a beamlike structure in space due to the presence of an open crack. New methods and analysis techniques have become popular in the field of structural health monitoring to detect and characterise such changes. Time – frequency techniques, like wavelet analysis are being more widely used in this regard in the recent times for the detection of presence, location and the calibration of the extent of these changes. This paper presents the application of S transform for the successful detection and calibration of damage in time and in space in the presence of additive Gaussian white noise. The performance of S transform based detection is compared with wavelet based and statistics based methodologies. The application and use of S transform in the field of structural health monitoring is observed to be extremely promising

Environmental Efficiency Assessment of Dublin Port Using Two-Stage Non-Radial DEA Model

Global maritime trade has reached 11 billion tons and accounts for more than 80% of global merchandise trade (United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD), 2019). As a result, there is a wide range of vessels, from very large bulk carriers (coal, ores, grains, etc., and crude oil/refinery carriers) to container ships to various cruise ships and naval vessels. To efficiently accommodate these various vessels, ports have had to evolve from wharves to efficient logistical hubs within the larger supply chain that move vessels deeper into the hinterland. Port development is critical to managing the growing volume of cargo (European Commission (EC), 2011)

Detection of pitting corrosion in steel using image processing

This paper presents an image processing based detection method for detecting pitting corrosion in steel structures. High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging has been carried out in this regard to demonstrate the effectiveness of such relatively inexpensive techniques that are of immense benefit to Non – Destructive – Tesing (NDT) community. The pitting corrosion of a steel sample in marine environment is successfully detected in this paper using the proposed methodology. It is observed, that the proposed method has a definite potential to be applied to a wider range of applications

Biofertilizer and their importance in sustainable agriculture

There are many small or undeveloped countries whose economy depends on agricultural production. A healthy agriculture production depends on various factors like soil quality, water, fertilizer, skilled labor, and many more. Fertilizer is the most crucial things that influence agricultural production. A fertilizer is a kind of chemical or natural substance that is helpful in crop production. However, to achieve quick agricultural yields we usually used chemical fertilizer which is very responsive to biofertilizer but the chemical fertilizer is not as eco-friendly as biofertilizer. Biofertilizer are natural fertilizes which are living microbial inoculants of bacteria, algae, fungi alone or in combination and they augment the availability of nutrients to the plants. Mycorrhizal fungi preferentially withdraw minerals from organic matter for the plant whereas cyanobacteria are characterized by the property of nitrogen fixation. The role of biofertilizer in agriculture assumes special significance, particularly in the present context of increased cost of chemical fertilizer and their hazardous effects on soil health. Agricultural fertilizers are essential for proper crop growth and yield. Chemical fertilizers have recently been used by farmers to increase yield and speed up the process. Natural biofertilizer, on the other hand, not only have a higher yield but are also safe for humans.  The benefits of biofertilizer include low cost, enhanced nutrient availability, improved soil fertility, protect plants from soil-borne pathogens, sustainable agricultural production, enhanced biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, promote phytohormone production, improve soil health, causing less environmental pollution, and its continued use improves the fertility of soil considerably. &nbsp

Recombinant Protein Production: Advancements And Applications

Recombinant gene production has become a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, offering revolutionary solutions in various fields. This abstract explores the diverse applications of recombinant gene technology, highlighting its pivotal role in medicine, agriculture and industry, while also discussing the latest advancements and challenge. Recombinant gene production involves the deliberate manipulation of genetic material to create hybrid DNA sequences with desired traits. This technology has enabled the synthesis of therapeutic proteins, vaccines and enzymes that were once scarce or inaccessible. In medicine recombinant gene expression systems have revolutionized the treatment of various diseases, ranging from insulin production for diabetesb management to monoclonal antibody therapies for cancer treatment. In agriculture, recombinant gene technology has been harnessed to develop genetically modified crops with enhanced nutritional content, resistance to pests and diseases and improve yield. These advancements hold promise for addressing global food security challenges, although they also raise concerns about ecological impact and consumeracceptance. Industrial applications of recombinant gene production encompass the production of biofuels, bioplastics and wide array of biobased chemicals. This technology enables the cost effective production of valuable compounds through microbial fermentation or other bioprocesses, contributing to sustainable manufacturing practices. Recent advancements in recombinant gene production include the development of novel expression systems such as synthetic biology tools that enable precise control over gene expression and metabolic pathways. Additionally, innovations like CRISPR based genome editing have accelerated the modification of host organisms for improved recombinant protein yields and functionalities. Despite its transformative potential, recombinant gene production faces challenges. Ensuring the safety and regulatory compliance of genetically modified products remain a priority. Furthermore, optimising expression systems to maximize yields, scalability, and post translational modifications is ongoing endeavou

Application Of Genetic Engineering In Crop Improvement

Genetic engineering has become a transformative catalyst in advancing crop enhancement, offering precise tools for manipulating plant genomes to achieve superior agricultural outcomes. This technology allows for the introduction of genes that provide resistance to pests and diseases, promoting ecologically sound pest management practices. Crops can be genetically modified to endure abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity, ensuring resilience in challenging environments. Furthermore, genetic engineering facilitates the enhancement of nutritional content in crops through biofortification, addressing malnutrition and promoting improved human health. By modifying genes linked to growth and development, this technology contributes to increased yield, a pivotal factor in meeting global food demands. Additionally, genetic engineering expedites the crop improvement process, providing a swifter and more targeted approach compared to traditional breeding methods. It plays a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture by reducing reliance on chemical inputs, fostering environmental conservation, and promoting precision farming practices that optimize resource utilization. In essence, genetic engineering revolutionizes crop enhancement, offering innovative solutions to the challenges of food security, environmental sustainability, and efficient agricultural practices