On using Multiple Quality Link Metrics with Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Protocol for Wireless Multi-Hop Networks

In this paper, we compare and analyze performance of five quality link metrics forWireless Multi-hop Networks (WMhNs). The metrics are based on loss probability measurements; ETX, ETT, InvETX, ML and MD, in a distance vector routing protocol; DSDV. Among these selected metrics, we have implemented ML, MD, InvETX and ETT in DSDV which are previously implemented with different protocols; ML, MD, InvETX are implemented with OLSR, while ETT is implemented in MR-LQSR. For our comparison, we have selected Throughput, Normalized Routing Load (NRL) and End-to-End Delay (E2ED) as performance parameters. Finally, we deduce that InvETX due to low computational burden and link asymmetry measurement outperforms among all metrics

DSDV, DYMO, OLSR: Link Duration and Path Stability

In this paper, we evaluate and compare the impact of link duration and path stability of routing protocols; Destination Sequence Distance vector (DSDV), Dynamic MANET On- Demand (DYMO) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) at different number of connections and node density. In order to improve the efficiency of selected protocols; we enhance DYMO and OLSR. Simulation and comparison of both default and enhanced routing protocols is carried out under the performance parameters; Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to End Delay (AE2ED) and Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO). From the results, we observe that DYMO performs better than DSDV, MOD-OLSR and OLSR in terms of PDR, AE2ED, link duration and path stability at the cost of high value of NRO

Analysis and Modeling Experiment Performance Parameters of Routing Protocols in MANETs and VANETs

In this paper, a framework for experimental parameters in which Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), effect of link duration over End-to-End Delay (E2ED) and Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO) in terms of control packets is analyzed and modeled for Mobile Ad-Hoc NETworks (MANETs) and Vehicular Ad-Hoc NETworks (VANETs) with the assumption that nodes (vehicles) are sparsely moving in two different road. Moreover, this paper contributes the performance comparison of one Proactive Routing Protocol; Destination Sequenced Distance vector (DSDV) and two reactive protocols; DYnamic Source Routing (DSR) and DYnamic MANET On-Demand (DYMO). A novel contribution of this work is enhancements in default versions of selected routing protocols. Three performance parameters; PDR, E2ED and NRO with varying scalabilities are measured to analyze the performance of selected routing protocols with their original and enhanced versions. From extensive simulations, it is observed that DSR outperforms among all three protocols at the cost of delay. NS-2 simulator is used for simulation with TwoRayGround propagation model to evaluate analytical results

Impact of ploidy and cell size on genome expression in fission yeast

Cells are classified based on their ploidy into haploids, containing a single chromosome set, diploids, containing two chromosome sets, polyploids, containing more than two chromosome sets, and aneuploids, containing abnormal chromosome numbers. Polyploidy is typically accompanied by increased cell size. Polyploid cells are found in most tumors and exhibit chromosomal instability that leads to aneuploidy. The effects of aberrant ploidy on genome regulation and on cell size are not well understood. I used fission yeast as a model to analyse impacts of altered ploidy and cell size on gene expression. Using aneuploids that are disomic or trisomic for a portion of chromosome III, I find that total mRNA levels scale with DNA copy numbers. Aneuploidy also affects the transcription of some genes present in monosomic areas, possibly reflecting associated regulatory genes in disomic or trisomic areas. I also analysed the effect of polyploidy on genome expression by constructing diploid and tetraploid strains. Diploids were stable with normal cell shape, while tetraploids showed irregular morphologies and often lost chromosomes. Increased ploidy resulted in increased cell size, and also in a linear increase in cellular RNA levels. Using spike-in controls and normalization, we showed that increased transcription in polyploids does not affect ratios between total RNA and mRNA. Cells kept a tight control on genome-wide transcription which generally scaled with the copy numbers of genes, a few genes were differentially regulated as a function of polyploidy and/or cell size. These genes were present in multiple copies close to telomeres and may function at the cell surface. They were also differentially regulated in haploid cell-size mutants, indicating a role of cell size, rather than ploidy, in controlling these genes. Intriguingly, deletion and overexpression of these genes in turn resulted in a significant decrease or increase in cell size, respectively, raising the possibility that the genes are involved in size control

Numerical solution for stiff initial value problems using 2-point block multistep method

This paper focuses on the derivation of an improved 2-point Block Backward Differentiation Formula of order five (I2BBDF(5)) for solving stiff first order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). The I2BBDF(5) method is derived by using Taylor's series expansion to obtain the coefficients of the formula. To verify the efficiency of the I2BBDF(5) method, stiff problems from the literature are tested and compared with the existing solver for stiff ODEs. From the numerical results, we conclude that the I2BBDF(5) method can be an alternative solver for solving stiff ODE

Developing cultural sensitivity among Malaysian registered nurses as self-initiated expatriates in Saudi hospitals

This conceptual study explores the prerequisite to develop cultural sensitivity among Malaysian female Registered Nurses (RN) residing in Saudi Arabia who aim to become knowledge workers in the healthcare sectors. Key questions examined are: How do female RN knowledge workers acculturate themselves in a new environment and acquire cultural sensitivity? What adjustment processes were involved? In this study, we introduce a conceptual framework to explain this adjustment process and develop propositions to explain how female RN as knowledge workers adjust to a new environment where there is a large cultural distance between their home culture (Malaysia) and the host culture (Saudi Arabia). Using cultural adjustment theory we propose three classes of antecedents: individual, contextual and organizational

Validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Analysis of Cefadroxil Monohydrate in Human Plasma

Purpose: To develop a simple, rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of cefadroxil monohydrate in human plasma.Methods: Schimadzu HPLC with LC solution software was used with Waters Spherisorb, C18 (5 μm, 150mm × 4.5mm) column. The mobile phase was sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer pH 4.0 and methanol in a ratio of 96:4. Flow rate was 1.5 ml/min and injection volume was 100 μl. Peak response was detected at 260 nm.Results: System suitability results revealed that the coefficient of variation (CV) for retention time, peak response, tailing factor and resolution of six replicate injections was < 3 %. The method was selective to determine cefadroxil in plasma because there was no peak interference of plasma with cefadroxil at its retention time (7.792 min). Linearity was in the range of 0.5 - 30 μg/ml with slope and intercept of 41694.53 and 22614.87, respectively (R2 = 0.9953). Limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the method were 0.03 and 0.06 μg/ml, respectively. Absolute recovery of cefadroxil from plasma was in the range 71 - 90.4 %, while inter-day and intra-day analysis showed satisfactory precision and accuracy; thus, the method was reproducible with the range of CV, i.e., 0.35 - 4.01 and 1.88 - 7.9 % for interday and intraday precision, respectively.Conclusion: The developed method being simple, rapid, reproducible can be suitably employed in pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies of cefadroxil monohydrate.Keywords: Validation, Cefadroxil monohydrate, Human plasma, Pharmacokinetics Bioequivalenc