Clinical and immunologic aspects of egg donation pregnancies: a systematic review

Egg donation (ED) makes it possible for subfertile women to conceive. Pregnancies achieved using ED with unrelated donors are unique, since the entire fetal genome is allogeneic to the mother. The aims of this review were to evaluate the consequences of ED pregnancies and to place them in the special context of their atypical immunologic relationships. This review comprised an online search of English language publications listed in Pubmed/Medline, up to 29 January 2010. Seventy-nine papers met inclusion criteria. Using the literature and the authors' own experience, the relevant data on pregnancy outcome and complications, placental pathology and immunology were evaluated. Multiple studies document that ED pregnancies are associated with a higher incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension and placental pathology. The incidence of other perinatal complications, such as intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity and congenital malformations, is comparable to conventional IVF. During pregnancy, both local and systemic immunologic changes occur and in ED pregnancies these changes are more pronounced. There is almost no information in the literature on the long-term complications of ED pregnancies for the mother. ED pregnancies have a higher risk of maternal morbidity. Owing to the high degree of antigenic dissimilarity, ED pregnancies represent an interesting model to study complex immunologic interactions, as the fully allogeneic fetus is not rejected but tolerated by the pregnant woman. Knowledge of the immune system in ED pregnancies has broader significance, as it may also give insight into immunologic aspects of tolerance in solid organ transplantation.Transplantation and autoimmunit

Clinical and immunologic aspects of egg donation pregnancies: a systematic review

Egg donation (ED) makes it possible for subfertile women to conceive. Pregnancies achieved using ED with unrelated donors are unique, since the entire fetal genome is allogeneic to the mother. The aims of this review were to evaluate the consequences of ED pregnancies and to place them in the special context of their atypical immunologic relationships. This review comprised an online search of English language publications listed in Pubmed/Medline, up to 29 January 2010. Seventy-nine papers met inclusion criteria. Using the literature and the authors' own experience, the relevant data on pregnancy outcome and complications, placental pathology and immunology were evaluated. Multiple studies document that ED pregnancies are associated with a higher incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension and placental pathology. The incidence of other perinatal complications, such as intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity and congenital malformations, is comparable to conventional IVF. During pregnancy, both local and systemic immunologic changes occur and in ED pregnancies these changes are more pronounced. There is almost no information in the literature on the long-term complications of ED pregnancies for the mother. ED pregnancies have a higher risk of maternal morbidity. Owing to the high degree of antigenic dissimilarity, ED pregnancies represent an interesting model to study complex immunologic interactions, as the fully allogeneic fetus is not rejected but tolerated by the pregnant woman. Knowledge of the immune system in ED pregnancies has broader significance, as it may also give insight into immunologic aspects of tolerance in solid organ transplantation

Comparative Study Of β-carotene And Microencapsulated β-carotene: Evaluation Of Their Genotoxic And Antigenotoxic Effects

β-Carotene (BC) is one of the natural pigments that is most commonly added to food; however, the utilization of BC is limited due to its instability. Microencapsulation techniques are commonly used because they can protect the microencapsulated material from oxidization. Nevertheless, the properties of the encapsulated compounds must be studied. We compared the antigenotoxic potential of pure and microencapsulated β-carotene (mBC) in Wistar rats. Two doses of BC or mBC (2.5 or 5.0. mg/kg) were administered by gavage over a period of 14. days. The final gavage was followed by an injection of doxorubicin (DXR). After 24. h the animals were euthanized. The micronucleus test results showed that when both mBC and DXR were given, only the higher dose was antigenotoxic. The results of the comet assay show that when given in association with DXR, mBC had protective effects in the liver. The differences between the results obtained with BC and mBC suggest that possibly the carotenoid biodisponibility was modified by the process of microencapsulation. In conclusion, mBC does not lose its protective properties, but higher doses must be used to observe antigenotoxic effects. This is the first time that the genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of a microencapsulated compound was evaluated in vivo. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.50514181424Agarwal, S., Rao, A.V., Carotenoids and chronic diseases (2000) Drug Metabol. Drug Interact., 17, pp. 189-210Alija, A.J., Bresgen, N., Sommerburg, O., Siems, W., Eckl, P.M., Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of beta-carotene breakdown products on primary rat hepatocytes (2004) Carcinogenesis, 25, pp. 827-831Arriaga-Alba, M., Rivera-Sanchez, R., Parra-Cervantes, G., Barro-Moreno, F., Flores-Paz, R., Garcia-Jimenez, E., Antimutagenesis of beta-carotene to mutations induced by quinolone on Salmonella typhimurium (2000) Arch. Med. Res., 31, pp. 156-161Augustin, M.A., Hemar, Y., Nano- and micro-structured assemblies for encapsulation of food ingredients (2009) Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, pp. 902-912Barbosa, M.I.M.J., Borsarelli, C.D., Mercadante, A.Z., Light stability of spray-dried bixin encapsulated with different edible polysaccharide preparations (2005) Food Res. Int., 38, pp. 989-994Bisby, R.H., Morgan, C.G., Hamblett, I., Gorman, A.A., Quenching of singlet oxygen by Trolox C, ascorbate, and amino acids: effects of pH and temperature (1999) J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, pp. 7454-7459Boon, C.S., McClements, D.J., Weiss, J., Decker, E.A., Role of iron and hydroperoxides in the degradation of lycopene in oil-in-water emulsions (2009) J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, pp. 2993-2998Boon, C.S., McClements, D.J., Weiss, J., Decker, E.A., Factors influencing the chemical stability of carotenoids in foods (2010) Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 50, pp. 515-532Bowen, D.E., Whitwell, J.H., Lillford, L., Henderson, D., Kidd, D., Mc Garry, S., Pearce, G., Kirkland, D.J., Evaluation of a multi-endpoint assay in rats, combining the bone-marrow micronucleus test, the Comet assay and the flow-cytometric peripheral blood micronucleus test (2011) Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 722, pp. 7-19Celik, A., Ogenler, O., Comelekoglu, U., The evaluation of micronucleus frequency by acridine orange fluorescent staining in peripheral blood of rats treated with lead acetate (2005) Mutagenesis, 20, pp. 411-415Davies, B.H., (1976) Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments, 2, pp. 38-165. , Academic Press, Londonde Vos, W.M., Castenmiller, J.J.M., Hamer, R.J., Brummer, R.J.M., Nutridynamics - Studying the dynamics of food components in products and in the consumer (2006) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 17, pp. 217-225Dhawan, A., Bajpayee, M., Parmar, D., Comet assay: a reliable tool for the assessment of DNA damage in different models (2009) Cell Biol. Toxicol., 25, pp. 5-32Druesne-Pecollo, N., Latino-Martel, P., Norat, T., Barrandon, E., Bertrais, S., Galan, P., Hercberg, S., Beta-carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials (2010) Int. J. Cancer, 127, pp. 172-184Evangelista, C.M.W., Antunes, L.M.G., Francescato, H.D.C., Bianchi, M.L.P., Effects of the olive, extra virgin olive and canola oils on cisplatin-induced clastogenesis in Wistar rats (2004) Food Chem. Toxicol., 42, pp. 1291-1297Faria, A.F., Mignone, R.A., Montenegro, M.A., Mercadante, A.Z., Borsarelli, C.D., Characterization and singlet oxygen quenching capacity of spray-dried microcapsules of edible biopolymers containing antioxidant molecules (2010) J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, pp. 8004-8011Fenech, M., Nutrition and genome health Nutrigenomics - Opportunities in Asia (2007) Forum Nutr., 60, pp. 49-65Ferreira, A.L.A., Salvadori, D.M.F., Nascimento, M.C.M.O., Rocha, N.S., Correa, C.R., Pereira, E.J., Matsubara, L.S., Ladeira, M.S.P., Tomato-oleoresin supplement prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiac myocyte oxidative DNA damage in rats (2007) Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 631, pp. 26-35Gharsallaoui, A., (2008), Microencapsulation of food ingredients by spray-drying, in: SciTopics (Ed.), SciTopics. SciTopicsGradecka-Meesters, D., Palus, J., Prochazka, G., Segerbäck, D., Dziubałtowska, E., Kotova, N., Jenssen, D., Stepnik, M., Assessment of the protective effects of selected dietary anticarcinogens against DNA damage and cytogenetic effects induced by benzo[a]pyrene in C57BL/6J mice (2011) Food Chem. Toxicol., 49, pp. 1674-1683Hayashi, M., Sofuni, T., Morita, T., Simulation study of the effects of multiple treatments in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test (1991) Mutat. Res., 252, pp. 281-287Hayashi, M., MacGregor, J.T., Gatehouse, D.G., Adler, I.D., Blakey, D.H., Dertinger, S.D., Krishna, G., Sutou, S., In vivo rodent erythrocyte micronucleus assay (2000) II. Some aspects of protocol design including repeated treatments, integration with toxicity testing, and automated scoring. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 35, pp. 234-252Krinsky, N.I., Johnson, E.J., Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease (2005) Mol. Aspects Med., 26, pp. 459-516Kuang, S.S., Oliveira, J.C., Crean, A.M., Microencapsulation as a tool for incorporating bioactive ingredients into food (2010) Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 50, pp. 951-968Lissi, E.A., Encinas, M.V., Lemp, E., Rubio, M.A., Singlet oxygen O2(1-Delta-G) bimolecular processes - Solvent and compartmentalization effects (1993) Chem. Rev., 93, pp. 699-723Lu, Q.Y., Hung, J.C., Heber, D., Go, V.L.W., Reuter, V.E., Cordon-Cardo, C., Scher, H.I., Zhang, Z.F., Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer (2001) Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10, pp. 749-756Macgregor, J.T., Heddle, J.A., Hite, M., Margolin, B.H., Ramel, C., Salamone, M.F., Tice, R.R., Wild, D., Guidelines for the conduct of micronucleus assays in mammalian bone-marrow erythrocytes (1987) Mutat. Res., 189, pp. 103-112Maiani, G., Periago Castón, M.J., Catasta, G., Toti, E., Cambrodón, I.G., Bysted, A., Granado-Lorencio, F., Schlemmer, U., Carotenoids: actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans (2009) Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 53, pp. S194-S218Manca, D., Rovaglio, M., Modeling the controlled release of microencapsulated drugs: theory and experimental validation (2003) Chem. Eng. Sci., 58, pp. 1337-1351Mayne, S.T., Handelman, G.J., Beecher, G., Beta-carotene and lung cancer promotion in heavy smokers - A plausible relationship? (1996) J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 88, pp. 1513-1515Mercadante, A.Z., Carotenoids in foods: sources and stability during processing and storage (2008) Food Colorants: Chemical and Functional Properties, pp. 213-240. , CRC Press, Boca Raton, C. Socaciu (Ed.)Montenegro, M.A., Nunes, I.L., Mercadante, A.Z., Borsarelli, C.D., Photoprotection of vitamins in skimmed milk by an aqueous soluble lycopene-gum Arabic microcapsule (2007) J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, pp. 323-329Mukherjee, A., Agarwal, K., Aguilar, M.A., Sharma, A., Anticlastogenic activity [beta]-carotene against cyclophoshamide in mice in vivo (1991) Mutat. Res. Lett., 263, pp. 41-46Muzandu, K., El Bohi, K., Shaban, Z., Ishizuka, M., Kazusaka, A., Fujita, S., Lycopene and beta-carotene ameliorate catechol estrogen-mediated DNA damage (2005) Jpn. J. Vet. Res., 52, pp. 173-184Namitha, K.K., Negi, P.S., Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids (2010) Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 50, pp. 728-760Nunes, I.L., Mercadante, A.Z., Encapsulation of lycopene using spray-drying and molecular inclusion processes (2007) Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 50, pp. 893-900Ostling, O., Johanson, K.J., Microelectrophoretic study of radiation-induced DNA damages in individual mammalian cells (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 123, pp. 291-298Parada, J., Aguilera, J.M., Food microstructure affects the bioavailability of several nutrients (2007) J. Food Sci., 72, pp. R21-R32Prado, S.M., Buera, M.P., Elizalde, B.E., Structural collapse prevents β-carotene loss in a supercooled polymeric matrix (2005) J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, pp. 79-85Ribeiro, J.C., Antunes, L.M.G., Aissa, A.F., Darin, J.D.C., De Rosso, V.V., Mercadante, A.Z., Bianchi, M.D.P., Evaluation of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects after acute and subacute treatments with acai pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) on mice using the erythrocytes micronucleus test and the comet assay (2010) Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 695, pp. 22-28Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., Food carotenoids: analysis, composition and alterations during storage and processing of foods (2003) Forum Nutr., 56, pp. 35-37Salvadori, D.M.F., Ribeiro, L.R., Oliveira, M.D.M., Pereira, C.A.B., Becak, W., The protective effect of beta-carotene on genotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide (1992) Mutat. Res., 265, pp. 237-244Sendao, M.C., Behling, E.B., dos Santos, R.A., Antunes, L.M.G., Bianchi, M.D.L.P., Comparative effects of acute and subacute lycopene administration on chromosomal aberrations induced by cisplatin in male rats (2006) Food Chem. Toxicol., 44, pp. 1334-1339Sies, H., Stahl, W., Sundquist, A.R., Antioxidant functions of vitamins (1992) Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 669, pp. 7-20Singh, N.P., Mccoy, M.T., Tice, R.R., Schneider, E.L., A Simple Technique for Quantitation of Low-Levels of DNA Damage in Individual Cells (1988) Exp. Cell Res., 175, pp. 184-191Singh, M., Kaur, P., Sandhir, R., Kiran, R., Protective effects of vitamin E against atrazine-induced genotoxicity in rats (2008) Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 654, pp. 145-149Tweats, D.J., Blakey, D., Heflich, R.H., Jacobs, A., Jacobsen, S.D., Morita, T., Nohmi, T., Tice, R., Report of the IWGT working group on strategy/interpretation for regulatory in vivo tests - II. Identification of in vivo-only positive compounds in the bone marrow micronucleus test (2007) Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 627, pp. 92-105Wang, Y., Lu, Z., Wu, H., Lv, F., Study on the antibiotic activity of microcapsule curcumin against foodborne pathogens (2009) Int. J. Food Microbiol., 136, pp. 71-74Wilkinson, F., Helman, W.P., Ross, A.B., Rate constants for the decay and reactions of the lowest electronically excited singlet-state of molecular-oxygen in solution - An expanded and revised compilation (1995) J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 24, pp. 663-1021Yamanushi, T.T., Torii, M.I., Janjua, N., Kabuto, H., In vivo tissue uptake of intravenously injected water soluble all-trans beta-carotene used as a food colorant (2009) Nutr. J., 8Zulueta, A., Esteve, M.J., Frigola, A., Carotenoids and color of fruit juice and milk beverage mixtures (2007) J. Food Sci., 72, pp. C457-C46

Diet Carotenoid Lutein Modulates The Expression Of Genes Related To Oxygen Transporters And Decreases Dna Damage And Oxidative Stress In Mice

Lutein (LT) is a carotenoid obtained by diet and despite its antioxidant activity had been biochemically reported, few studies are available concerning its influence on the expression of antioxidant genes. The expression of 84 genes implicated in antioxidant defense was quantified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction array. DNA damage was measured by comet assay and glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were quantified as biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in mouse kidney and liver. cDDP treatment reduced concentration of GSH and increased TBARS, parameters that were ameliorated in treatment associated with LT. cDDP altered the expression of 32 genes, increasing the expression of GPx2, APC, Nqo1 and CCs. LT changed the expression of 37 genes with an induction of 13 mainly oxygen transporters. In treatments associating cDDP and LT, 30 genes had their expression changed with a increase of the same genes of the cDDP treatment alone. These results suggest that LT might act scavenging reactive species and also inducing the expression of genes related to a better antioxidant response, highlighting the improvement of oxygen transport. This improved redox state of the cell through LT treatment could be related to the antigenotoxic and antioxidant effects observed. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.70205213Anderson, D., Yu, T.W., Phillips, B.J., Schmezer, P., The effect of various antioxidants and other modifying agents on oxygen-radical-generated DNA damage in human lymphocytes in the COMET assay (1994) Mutat. Res., 307, pp. 261-271Andrieu, G., Quaranta, M., Leprince, C., Hatzoglou, A., The GTPase Gem and its partner Kif9 are required for chromosome alignment, spindle length control, and mitotic progression (2012) FASEB J, 26, pp. 5025-5034Astley, S.B., Hughes, D.A., Wright, A.J., Elliott, R.M., Southon, S., DNA damage and susceptibility to oxidative damage in lymphocytes: effects of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo (2004) Br. J. Nutr., 91, pp. 53-61Baqai, F.P., Gridley, D.S., Slater, J.M., Luo-Owen, X., Stodieck, L.S., Ferguson, V., Chapes, S.K., Pecaut, M.J., Effects of spaceflight on innate immune function and antioxidant gene expression (2009) J. Appl. Physiol., 106, pp. 1935-1942Brigelius-Flohe, R., Kipp, A., Glutathione peroxidases in different stages of carcinogenesis (2009) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1790, pp. 1555-1568Brigelius-Flohe, R., Kipp, A.P., Physiological functions of GPx2 and its role in inflammation-triggered carcinogenesis (2012) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1259, pp. 19-25Brigelius-Flohe, R., Maiorino, M., Glutathione peroxidases (2013) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1830, pp. 3289-3303Burmester, T., Weich, B., Reinhardt, S., Hankeln, T., A vertebrate globin expressed in the brain (2000) Nature, 407, pp. 520-523Chew, B.P., Brown, C.M., Park, J.S., Mixter, P.F., Dietary lutein inhibits mouse mammary tumor growth by regulating angiogenesis and apoptosis (2003) Anticancer Res., 23, pp. 3333-3339Collins, A.R., The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: principles, applications, and limitations (2004) Mol. Biotechnol., 26, pp. 249-261Collins, A.R., Duthie, S.J., Dobson, V.L., Direct enzymic detection of endogenous oxidative base damage in human lymphocyte DNA (1993) Carcinogenesis, 14, pp. 1733-1735Collins, A.R., Olmedilla, B., Southon, S., Granado, F., Duthie, S.J., Serum carotenoids and oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes (1998) Carcinogenesis, 19, pp. 2159-2162Davis, C.A., Nick, H.S., Agarwal, A., Manganese superoxide dismutase attenuates cisplatin-induced renal injury: importance of superoxide (2001) J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 12, pp. 2683-2690Delcourt, C., Korobelnik, J.F., Barberger-Gateau, P., Delyfer, M.N., Rougier, M.B., Le Goff, M., Malet, F., Dartigues, J.F., Nutrition and age-related eye diseases: the alienor (Antioxydants, Lipides Essentiels, Nutrition et maladies OculaiRes) study (2010) J. Nutr. Health Aging, 14, pp. 854-861Fenech, M., El-Sohemy, A., Cahill, L., Ferguson, L.R., French, T.A., Tai, E.S., Milner, J., Head, R., Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics: viewpoints on the current status and applications in nutrition research and practice (2011) J. Nutrigenet. Nutrigenomics, 4, pp. 69-89Fletcher, A.E., Free radicals, antioxidants and eye diseases: evidence from epidemiological studies on cataract and age-related macular degeneration (2010) Ophthalmic Res., 44, pp. 191-198Fordel, E., Thijs, L., Moens, L., Dewilde, S., Neuroglobin and cytoglobin expression in mice. Evidence for a correlation with reactive oxygen species scavenging (2007) FEBS J., 274, pp. 1312-1317Gao, X., Dinkova-Kostova, A.T., Talalay, P., Powerful and prolonged protection of human retinal pigment epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and mouse leukemia cells against oxidative damage: the indirect antioxidant effects of sulforaphane (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, pp. 15221-15226Gebicki, S., Gebicki, J.M., Crosslinking of DNA and proteins induced by protein hydroperoxides (1999) Biochem. J., 338 (PART 3), pp. 629-636Geuens, E., Brouns, I., Flamez, D., Dewilde, S., Timmermans, J.P., Moens, L., A globin in the nucleus! (2003) J. Biol. Chem., 278, pp. 30417-30420Ghezzi, P., Oxidoreduction of protein thiols in redox regulation (2005) Biochem. Soc. Trans., 33, pp. 1378-1381Hartmann, A., Agurell, E., Beevers, C., Brendler-Schwaab, S., Burlinson, B., Clay, P., Collins, A., Tice, R.R., (2003), 18, pp. 45-51. , Recommendations for conducting the in vivo alkaline Comet assay. In: 4th International Comet Assay Workshop. Mutagenesis volHartree, E.F., Determination of protein: a modification of the Lowry method that gives a linear photometric response (1972) Anal. Biochem., 48, pp. 422-427He, R.R., Tsoi, B., Lan, F., Yao, N., Yao, X.S., Kurihara, H., Antioxidant properties of lutein contribute to the protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced uveitis in mice (2011) Chin. Med., 6, p. 38Kim, J.H., Na, H.J., Kim, C.K., Kim, J.Y., Ha, K.S., Lee, H., Chung, H.T., Kim, Y.M., The non-provitamin A carotenoid, lutein, inhibits NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression through redox-based regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/PTEN/Akt and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase pathways: role of H(2)O(2) in NF-kappaB activation (2008) Free Radic. Biol. Med., 45, pp. 885-896Klaassen, C.D., Reisman, S.A., Nrf2 the rescue: effects of the antioxidative/electrophilic response on the liver (2010) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 244, pp. 57-65Leo, M., Santino, D., Tikhonenko, I., Magidson, V., Khodjakov, A., Koonce, M.P., Rules of engagement: centrosome-nuclear connections in a closed mitotic system (2012) Biol. Open, 1, pp. 1111-1117Li, B., Ahmed, F., Bernstein, P.S., Studies on the singlet oxygen scavenging mechanism of human macular pigment (2010) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 504, pp. 56-60Li, X., Wu, Z., Wang, Y., Mei, Q., Fu, X., Han, W., Characterization of adult alpha- and beta-globin elevated by hydrogen peroxide in cervical cancer cells that play a cytoprotective role against oxidative insults (2013) PLoS ONE, 8, pp. e54342Liebler, D.C., Antioxidant reactions of carotenoids (1993) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 691, pp. 20-31Lienau, A., Glaser, T., Tang, G., Dolnikowski, G.G., Grusak, M.A., Albert, K., Bioavailability of lutein in humans from intrinsically labeled vegetables determined by LC-APCI-MS (2003) J. Nutr. Biochem., 14, pp. 663-670Liu, W., Baker, S.S., Baker, R.D., Nowak, N.J., Zhu, L., Upregulation of hemoglobin expression by oxidative stress in hepatocytes and its implication in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (2011) PLoS ONE, 6, pp. e24363Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D., Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method (2001) Methods, 25, pp. 402-408Luxford, C., Dean, R.T., Davies, M.J., Induction of DNA damage by oxidised amino acids and proteins (2002) Biogerontology, 3, pp. 95-102Matsushima, H., Yonemura, K., Ohishi, K., Hishida, A., The role of oxygen free radicals in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in rats (1998) J. Lab. Clin. Med., 131, pp. 518-526Meister, A., Anderson, M.E., (1983) Annu. Rev. Biochem., 52, pp. 711-760Merk, O., Speit, G., Detection of crosslinks with the comet assay in relationship to genotoxicity and cytotoxicity (1999) Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 33, pp. 167-172Mihara, M., Uchiyama, M., Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test (1978) Anal. Biochem., 86, pp. 271-278Miller, R.P., Tadagavadi, R.K., Ramesh, G., Reeves, W.B., Mechanisms of Cisplatin nephrotoxicity (2010) Toxins (Basel), 2, pp. 2490-2518Miyake, S., Kobayashi, S., Tsubota, K., Ozawa, Y., (2014), Phase II enzyme induction by a carotenoid, lutein, in a PC12D neuronal cell line. Biochem. Biophys. Res. CommunNakai, T., Ando, M., Okamoto, Y., Ueda, K., Kojima, N., Modulation of oxidative DNA damage and DNA-crosslink formation induced by cis-diammine-tetrachloro-platinum(IV) in the presence of endogenous reductants (2011) J. Inorg. Biochem., 105, pp. 1-5Newton, D.A., Rao, K.M., Dluhy, R.A., Baatz, J.E., Hemoglobin is expressed by alveolar epithelial cells (2006) J. Biol. Chem., 281, pp. 5668-5676Olfert, E.D., (1993), Guide to the care and use of experimental animals. In: Ernest, D.B.M.C., Olfert, D., DVM, Ann McWilliam, A. (Ed.). Canadian Council on Animal Care, OttawaPark, J.S., Chew, B.P., Wong, T.S., Zhang, J.X., Magnuson, N.S., Dietary lutein but not astaxanthin or beta-carotene increases pim-1 gene expression in murine lymphocytes (1999) Nutr. Cancer, 33, pp. 206-212Peres, L.A., da Cunha, A.D., Acute nephrotoxicity of cisplatin: molecular mechanisms (2013) J. Bras. Nefrol., 35, pp. 332-340Pfuhler, S., Wolf, H.U., Detection of DNA-crosslinking agents with the alkaline comet assay (1996) Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 27, pp. 196-201Rafi, M.M., Shafaie, Y., Dietary lutein modulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene and protein expression in mouse macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) (2007) Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 51, pp. 333-340Santocono, M., Zurria, M., Berrettini, M., Fedeli, D., Falcioni, G., Influence of astaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein on DNA damage and repair in UVA-irradiated cells (2006) J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 85, pp. 205-215Sedlak, J., Lindsay, R.H., Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent (1968) Anal. Biochem., 25, pp. 192-205Serpeloni, J.M., Grotto, D., Mercadante, A.Z., de Lourdes Pires Bianchi, M., Antunes, L.M., Lutein improves antioxidant defense in vivo and protects against DNA damage and chromosome instability induced by cisplatin (2010) Arch. Toxicol., 84, pp. 811-822Serpeloni, J.M., Barcelos, G.R., Friedmann Angeli, J.P., Mercadante, A.Z., Lourdes Pires Bianchi, M., Antunes, L.M., Dietary carotenoid lutein protects against DNA damage and alterations of the redox status induced by cisplatin in human derived HepG2 cells (2012) Toxicol. In Vitro, 26, pp. 288-294Sindhu, E.R., Preethi, K.C., Kuttan, R., Antioxidant activity of carotenoid lutein in vitro and in vivo (2010) Indian J. Exp. Biol., 48, pp. 843-848Singh, N.P., McCoy, M.T., Tice, R.R., Schneider, E.L., A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells (1988) Exp. Cell Res., 175, pp. 184-191Speit, G., Hartmann, A., The comet assay: a sensitive genotoxicity test for the detection of DNA damage (2005) Methods Mol. Biol., 291, pp. 85-95Stahl, W., Sies, H., (2011), Photoprotection by dietary carotenoids: concept, mechanisms, evidence and future development. Mol. Nutr. Food ResSugiyama, S., Hayakawa, M., Kato, T., Hanaki, Y., Shimizu, K., Ozawa, T., Adverse effects of anti-tumor drug, cisplatin, on rat kidney mitochondria: disturbances in glutathione peroxidase activity (1989) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 159, pp. 1121-1127Tice, R.R., Agurell, E., Anderson, D., Burlinson, B., Hartmann, A., Kobayashi, H., Miyamae, Y., Sasaki, Y.F., Single cell gel/comet assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing (2000) Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 35, pp. 206-221Tikhonenko, I., Magidson, V., Graf, R., Khodjakov, A., Koonce, M.P., A kinesin-mediated mechanism that couples centrosomes to nuclei (2013) Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 70, pp. 1285-1296Tiso, M., Tejero, J., Basu, S., Azarov, I., Wang, X., Simplaceanu, V., Frizzell, S., Gladwin, M.T., Human neuroglobin functions as a redox-regulated nitrite reductase (2011) J. Biol. Chem., 286, pp. 18277-18289Trujillo, E., Davis, C., Milner, J., Nutrigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and the practice of dietetics (2006) J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 106, pp. 403-413Wang, D., Lippard, S.J., Cellular processing of platinum anticancer drugs (2005) Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov., 4, pp. 307-320Wang, M., Tsao, R., Zhang, S., Dong, Z., Yang, R., Gong, J., Pei, Y., Antioxidant activity, mutagenicity/anti-mutagenicity, and clastogenicity/anti-clastogenicity of lutein from marigold flowers (2006) Food Chem. Toxicol., 44, pp. 1522-1529Waye, J.S., Eng, B., Diagnostic testing for alpha-globin gene disorders in a heterogeneous North American population (2013) Int. J. Lab. Hematol., 35, pp. 306-313Wozniak, K., Blasiak, J., Recognition and repair of DNA-cisplatin adducts (2002) Acta Biochim. Pol., 49, pp. 583-596Zhang, Z., Han, S., Wang, H., Wang, T., Lutein extends the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster (2014) Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr., 58, pp. 153-15

Evaluation Of The Antihypertensive Properties Of Yellow Passion Fruit Pulp (passiflora Edulis Sims F. Flavicarpa Deg.) In Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Various species of the genus Passiflora have been extensively used in traditional medicine as sedatives, anxiolytics, diuretics and analgesics. In the present study, after the identification and quantification of phytochemical compounds from yellow passion fruit pulp by liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS), its antihypertensive effect was investigated on spontaneously hypertensive rats. Additionally, the renal function, evaluated by kidney/body weight, serum creatinine, proteinuria, urinary flow, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and mutagenicity in bone marrow cells were assessed to evaluate the safety of passion fruit consumption. Yellow passion fruit pulp (5, 6 or 8 g/kg b.w.) was administered by gavage once a day for 5 consecutive days. HLPC-PDA-MS/MS analysis revealed that yellow passion fruit pulp contains phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, carotenoids and flavonoids. The highest dose of passion fruit pulp significantly reduced the systolic blood pressure, increased the GSH levels and decreased TBARS. There were no changes in renal function parameters or the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow cells. In conclusion, the antihypertensive effect of yellow passion fruit pulp, at least in part, might be due to the enhancement of the antioxidant status. The exact mechanisms responsible by this effect need further investigation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.2812832Appel, K., Rose, T., Fiebich, B., Kammler, T., Hoffmann, C., Weiss, G., Modulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Passiflora incarnata L (2011) Phytother. Res., 25, pp. 838-843Biswas, S.K., De Faria, J.B.L., Which comes first: Renal inflammation or oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats? (2007) Free Radic. Res., 41, pp. 216-224Boeira, J.M., Fenner, R., Betti, A.H., Toxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of Passiflora alata Curtis (Passifloraceae) (2010) J. Ethnopharmacol., 128, pp. 526-532Bradford, M.M., A rapid sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities on protein utilizing the principle or protein-dye binding (1976) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 25, pp. 248-256Chen, D., Coffman, T.M., The kidney and hypertension: Lessons from mouse models (2012) Can. J. Cardiol., 28, pp. 305-310De Rosso, V.V., Mercadante, A.Z., The high ascorbic acid content is the main cause of the low stability of anthocyanin extracts from acerola (2007) Food Chem., 103, pp. 935-943De Rosso, V.V., Mercadante, A.Z., Identification and quantification of carotenoids, by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS, from amazonian fruits (2007) J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, pp. 5062-5072Dhawan, K., Dhawan, S., Sharma, A., Passiflora: A review update (2004) J. Ethnopharmacol., 94, pp. 1-23Dornas, W.C., Silva, M.E., Animal models for the study of arterial hypertension (2011) J. Biosci., 36, pp. 731-737Duarte, J., Perez-Vizcaino, F., Zarzuelo, A., Jimenez, J., Tamargo, J., Vasodilator effects of quercetin in isolated rat vascular smooth muscle (1993) Eur. J. Pharmacol., 239, pp. 1-7Duarte, J., Perez-Palencia, R., Vargas, F., Antihypertensive effects of the flavonoid quercetin in spontaneously hypertensive rats (2001) Br. J. Pharmacol., 133, pp. 117-124Evangelista, C.M., Antunes, L.M., Francescato, H.D., Bianchi, M.L., Effects of the olive, extra virgin olive and canola oils on cisplatin-induced clastogenesis in Wistar rats (2004) Food Chem. Toxicol., 42, pp. 1291-1297Harrison, D.G., Gongora, M.C., Oxidative stress and hypertension (2009) Med. Clin. North Am., 93, pp. 621-635Hartree, E.F., Determination of protein: A modification of the lowry method that gives a linear photometric response (1972) Anal. Biochem., 48, pp. 422-427Hayashi, M., MacGregor, J.T., Gatehouse, D.G., In vivo rodent erythrocyte micronucleus assay. II. Some aspects of protocol design including repeated treatments, integration with toxicity testing, and automated scoring (2000) Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 35, pp. 234-252Houston, M.C., The role of cellular micronutrient analysis, nutraceuticals, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals in the prevention and treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (2010) Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis., 4, pp. 165-183Ichimura, T., Yamanaka, A., Ichiba, T., Antihypertensive effect of an extract of Passiflora edulis rind in spontaneously hypertensive rats (2006) Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 70, pp. 718-721Kizhakekuttu, T.J., Widlansky, M.E., Natural antioxidants and hypertension: Promise and challenges (2010) Cardiovasc. Ther., 28, pp. e20-e32MacGregor, J.T., Heddle, J.A., Hite, M., Guidelines for the conduct of micronucleus assays in mammalian bone-marrow erythrocytes (1987) Mutat. Res., 189, pp. 103-112Mercadante, A.Z., Britton, G., Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., Carotenoids from yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) (1998) J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, pp. 4102-4106Montezano, A.C., Touyz, R.M., Molecular mechanisms of hypertension-reactive oxygen species and antioxidants: A basic science update for the clinician (2012) Can. J. Cardiol., 28, pp. 288-295Ngan, A., Conduit, R., A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality (2011) Phytother. Res., 25, pp. 1153-1159Palm, F., Nordquist, L., Renal oxidative stress, oxygenation, and hypertension (2011) Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 301, pp. R1229-R1241Reginatto, F.H., De-Paris, F., Petry, R.D., Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of spray dried powders of two South Brazilian Passiflora species (2006) Phytother. Res., 20, pp. 348-351Rodrigo, R., Gil, D., Miranda-Merchak, A., Kalantzidis, G., Antihypertensive role of polyphenols (2012) Adv. Clin. Chem., 58, pp. 225-254Sdlak, J., Lindsay, R.H., Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent (1968) Anal. Biochem., 24, pp. 192-205Singleton, V.L., Rossi, Jr.J.A., Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents (1965) Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 16, pp. 144-158De Souza, M.D.S., Barbalho, S.M., Damasceno, D.C., Effects of Passiflora edulis (Yellow Passion) on Serum Lipids and Oxidative Stress Status of Wistar Rats (2012) J. Med. Food, 15, pp. 78-82Uchiyama, M., Mihara, M., Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test (1978) Anal. Biochem., 86, pp. 271-278Vasdev, S., Ford, C.A., Parai, S., Longerich, L., Gadag, V., Dietary vitamin C supplementation lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (2001) Mol. Cell. Biochem., 218, pp. 97-103Vianna, L.M., Paiva, A.C.M., Paiva, T.B., Treatment with vitamin-d3 reduces blood-pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (1992) Genetic Hypertension, 218, pp. 589-591Wolfsegger, M.J., Jaki, T., Dietrich, B., Kunzler, J.A., Barker, K., A note on statistical analysis of organ weights in non-clinical toxicological studies (2009) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 240, pp. 117-122Yeh, C.-T., Huang, W.-H., Yen, G.-C., Antihypertensive effects of Hsian-tsao and its active compound in spontaneously hypertensive rats (2009) J. Nutr. Biochem., 20, pp. 866-875Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W., The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals (1999) Food Chem., 64, pp. 555-559Zibadi, S., Farid, R., Moriguchi, S., Oral administration of purple passion fruit peel extract attenuates blood pressure in female spontaneously hypertensive rats and humans (2007) Nutr. Res., 27, pp. 408-41