175 research outputs found
Discussion on a possible neutrino detector located in India
We have identified some important and worthwhile physics opportunitites with
a possible neutrino detector located in India. Particular emphasis is placed on
the geographical advantage with a stress on the complimentary aspects with
respect to other neutrino detectors already in operation.Comment: 9 pages; arXiv copy of published proceedings contributio
Non-equilibrium Dynamics of O(N) Nonlinear Sigma models: a Large-N approach
We study the time evolution of the mass gap of the O(N) non-linear sigma
model in 2+1 dimensions due to a time-dependent coupling in the large-
limit. Using the Schwinger-Keldysh approach, we derive a set of equations at
large which determine the time dependent gap in terms of the coupling.
These equations lead to a criterion for the breakdown of adiabaticity for slow
variation of the coupling leading to a Kibble-Zurek scaling law. We describe a
self-consistent numerical procedure to solve these large- equations and
provide explicit numerical solutions for a coupling which starts deep in the
gapped phase at early times and approaches the zero temperature equilibrium
critical point in a linear fashion. We demonstrate that for such a
protocol there is a value of the coupling where the gap
function vanishes, possibly indicating a dynamical instability. We study the
dependence of on both the rate of change of the coupling and
the initial temperature. We also verify, by studying the evolution of the mass
gap subsequent to a sudden change in , that the model does not display
thermalization within a finite time interval and discuss the implications
of this observation for its conjectured gravitational dual as a higher spin
theory in .Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures. Typos corrected, references rearranged and
added.v3 : sections rearranged, abstract modified, comment about Kibble-Zurek
scaling correcte
Thermal quenches in N=2* plasmas
We exploit gauge/gravity duality to study `thermal quenches' in a plasma of
the strongly coupled N=2* gauge theory. Specifically, we consider the response
of an initial thermal equilibrium state of the theory under variations of the
bosonic or fermionic mass, to leading order in m/T<<1. When the masses are made
to vary in time, novel new counterterms must be introduced to renormalize the
boundary theory. We consider transitions the conformal super-Yang-Mills theory
to the mass deformed gauge theory and also the reverse transitions. By
construction, these transitions are controlled by a characteristic time scale
\calt and we show how the response of the system depends on the ratio of this
time scale to the thermal time scale 1/T. The response shows interesting
scaling behaviour both in the limit of fast quenches with T\calt<<1 and slow
quenches with T\calt>>1. In the limit that T\calt\to\infty, we observe the
expected adiabatic response. For fast quenches, the relaxation to the final
equilibrium is controlled by the lowest quasinormal mode of the bulk scalar
dual to the quenched operator. For slow quenches, the system relaxes with a
(nearly) adiabatic response that is governed entirely by the late time profile
of the mass. We describe new renormalization scheme ambiguities in defining
gauge invariant observables for the theory with time dependant couplings.Comment: 78 pages, 17 figure
Search for Higgs bosons of the Universal Extra Dimensions at the Large Hadron Collider
The Higgs sector of the Universal Extra Dimensions (UED) has a rather
involved setup. With one extra space dimension, the main ingredients to the
construct are the higher Kaluza-Klein (KK) excitations of the Standard Model
Higgs boson and the fifth components of the gauge fields which on
compactification appear as scalar degrees of freedom and can mix with the
former thus leading to physical KK-Higgs states of the scenario. In this work,
we explore in detail the phenomenology of such a Higgs sector of the UED with
the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in focus. We work out relevant decay branching
fractions involving the KK-Higgs excitations. Possible production modes of the
KK-Higgs bosons are then discussed with an emphasis on their associated
production with the third generation KK-quarks and that under the cascade
decays of strongly interacting UED excitations which turn out to be the only
phenomenologically significant modes. It is pointed out that the collider
searches of such Higgs bosons face generic hardship due to soft end-products
which result from severe degeneracies in the masses of the involved excitations
in the minimal version of the UED (MUED). Generic implications of either
observing some or all of the KK-Higgs bosons at the LHC are discussed.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figures and 1 tabl
Logarithmic Corrections to Schwarzschild and Other Non-extremal Black Hole Entropy in Different Dimensions
Euclidean gravity method has been successful in computing logarithmic
corrections to extremal black hole entropy in terms of low energy data, and
gives results in perfect agreement with the microscopic results in string
theory. Motivated by this success we apply Euclidean gravity to compute
logarithmic corrections to the entropy of various non-extremal black holes in
different dimensions, taking special care of integration over the zero modes
and keeping track of the ensemble in which the computation is done. These
results provide strong constraint on any ultraviolet completion of the theory
if the latter is able to give an independent computation of the entropy of
non-extremal black holes from microscopic description. For Schwarzschild black
holes in four space-time dimensions the macroscopic result seems to disagree
with the existing result in loop quantum gravity.Comment: LaTeX, 40 pages; corrected small typos and added reference
Aspirin use and survival after the diagnosis of breast cancer:a population-based cohort study
Background: Aspirin use has been associated with a reduced cancer incidence and fewer deaths from cancer. This study examined whether women with breast cancer prescribed aspirin postdiagnosis had improved survival.Methods:An observational, population cohort study was undertaken using data linkage of cancer registry, dispensed prescriptions and death records in Tayside, Scotland. All community prescriptions for aspirin in women with breast cancer were extracted and use postdiagnosis for each individual examined using Cox's proportional hazard models. The main outcome measures were all-cause mortality and breast cancer-specific mortality.Results:Four thousand six hundred and twenty-seven patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2008 were followed up until 28 February 2010. Median age at diagnosis was 62 (IQR 52-74). One thousand eight hundred and two (39%) deaths were recorded, with 815 (18%) attributed to breast cancer. One thousand and thirty-five (22%) patients were prescribed aspirin postdiagnosis. Such aspirin use was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR=0.53, 95% CI=0.45-0.63, P<0.001) and breast cancer-specific mortality (HR=0.42, 95% CI=0.31-0.55, P<0.001) after adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, TNM stage, tumour grade, oestrogen receptor status, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, adjuvant endocrine therapy and aspirin use prediagnosis. Conclusions:Aspirin use postdiagnosis of breast cancer may reduce both all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality. Further investigation seeking a causal relationship and which subgroups of patients benefit most await ongoing randomised controlled trials.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Heat Kernel Expansion and Extremal Kerr-Newmann Black Hole Entropy in Einstein-Maxwell Theory
We compute the second Seely-DeWitt coefficient of the kinetic operator of the
metric and gauge fields in Einstein-Maxwell theory in an arbitrary background
field configuration. We then use this result to compute the logarithmic
correction to the entropy of an extremal Kerr-Newmann black hole.Comment: 12 page
A combined analysis of outcome following breast cancer: differences in survival based on BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation status and administration of adjuvant treatment
BACKGROUND: The prognostic significance of germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in women with breast cancer remains unclear. A combined analysis was performed to address this uncertainty. METHODS: Two retrospective cohorts of Ashkenazi Jewish women undergoing breast-conserving treatment for invasive cancer between 1980 and 1995 (n = 584) were established. Archived tissue blocks were used as the source of DNA for Ashkenazi Jewish BRCA1/BRCA2 founder mutation analysis. Paraffin-embedded tissue and follow-up information was available for 505 women. RESULTS: Genotyping was successful in 496 women, of whom 56 (11.3%) were found to carry a BRCA1/BRCA2 founder mutation. After a median follow-up period of 116 months, breast cancer specific survival was worse in women with BRCA1 mutations than in those without (62% at 10 years versus 86%; P < 0.0001), but not in women with the BRCA2 mutation (84% versus 86% at 10 years; P = 0.76). Germline BRCA1 mutations were an independent predictor of breast cancer mortality in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2–4.8; P = 0.01). BRCA1 status predicted breast cancer mortality only among women who did not receive chemotherapy (hazard ratio 4.8, 95% confidence interval 2.0–11.7; P = 0.001). The risk for metachronous ipsilateral cancer was not greater in women with germline BRCA1/BRCA2 founder mutations than in those without mutations (P = 0.68). CONCLUSION: BRCA1 mutations, but not BRCA2 mutations, are associated with reduced survival in Ashkenazi women undergoing breast-conserving treatment for invasive breast cancer, but the poor prognosis associated with germline BRCA1 mutations is mitigated by adjuvant chemotherapy. The risk for metachronous ipsilateral disease does not appear to be increased for either BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, at least up to 10 years of follow up
MicroRNA-122 Modulates the Rhythmic Expression Profile of the Circadian Deadenylase Nocturnin in Mouse Liver
Nocturnin is a circadian clock-regulated deadenylase thought to control mRNA expression post-transcriptionally through poly(A) tail removal. The expression of Nocturnin is robustly rhythmic in liver at both the mRNA and protein levels, and mice lacking Nocturnin are resistant to diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. Here we report that Nocturnin expression is regulated by microRNA-122 (miR-122), a liver specific miRNA. We found that the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of Nocturnin mRNA harbors one putative recognition site for miR-122, and this site is conserved among mammals. Using a luciferase reporter construct with wild-type or mutant Nocturnin 3′-UTR sequence, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR-122 can down-regulate luciferase activity levels and that this effect is dependent on the presence of the putative miR-122 recognition site. Additionally, the use of an antisense oligonucleotide to knock down miR-122 in vivo resulted in significant up-regulation of both Nocturnin mRNA and protein expression in mouse liver during the night, resulting in Nocturnin rhythms with increased amplitude. Together, these data demonstrate that the normal rhythmic profile of Nocturnin expression in liver is shaped in part by miR-122. Previous studies have implicated Nocturnin and miR-122 as important post-transcriptional regulators of both lipid metabolism and circadian clock controlled gene expression in the liver. Therefore, the demonstration that miR-122 plays a role in regulating Nocturnin expression suggests that this may be an important intersection between hepatic metabolic and circadian control
A single dose, BCG-adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine provides sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice
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