Genetic variability, heritability and character association for yield and component characters in soybean (G. max (L.) Merrill)

Genetic parameter and correlation of eight quantitative traits including grain yield were studied in thirty one soybean genotypes. Among all the traits, seed yield per plant exhibited highest estimate of PCV (47.74) and GCV (41.83) followed by dry matter weight per plant (PCV=33.99, GCV=31.15) and number of pods per plant (PCV=33.48, GCV=30.16). Heritability was highest for three characters i.e., days to 50 per cent flowering, number of primary branches per plant and 100 seed weight (91%). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for number of pods per plant and dry matter weight per plant. Grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive genetic correlation with dry matter weight per plant (rg=0.491), number of primary branches per plant (rg=0.403), number of pods per plant (0.631) and harvest index (0.487)

Radiation effects on the structure of chromosomes

The study aims to investigate the effect of ionising radiation on the structure of the chromosomes after lose-dose X-ray irradiation. The first aim was to investigate the changes that occurred in the molecular environment of the chromosomes after radiation exposure using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM). The study’s second aim was to measure the mass of the human chromosomes and produce ‘X-ray karyotypes’ of each spread, plotting the measured mass against the number of base pairs using the X-ray ptychography technique. The purpose was to observe the changes in the mass of the X-ray induced chromosomes. A complete set of 46 human metaphase chromosomes in one frame is known as ‘spread’. Exponentially growing cells were irradiated with X-ray doses at 0.1 Gy (Gray), 0.5 Gy and 1 Gy, followed by chromosome preparation from the irradiated as well as non-irradiated cells. DNA specific stain, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), was used to stain the chromosomes during the analysis. Using FLIM, a significant reduction in the DAPI lifetime values (2.8 ± 0.03 ns) was observed in the heterochromatin region of heteromorphic chromosomes 1, 9, 15, and 16 compared to the non-heterochromatin region of the chromosomes (2.88 ± 0.02 ns) present in the non-irradiated chromosome spreads. Furthermore, in the case of irradiated chromosomes, the heterochromatic regions of chromosomes showed statistically significant reduced lifetime values, with the difference ranging between ~260 picoseconds (ps) to ~290 ps compared to the non-irradiated chromosomes. This indicates that chromosomes might have undergone chemical perturbations. However, DAPI lifetime values were not significantly different between low-dose radiations. Therefore, low-dose irradiation is thought to induce an adaptive or hermetic response under certain conditions. However, the sensitivity of the FLIM could assist in the early detection of epigenetic variations that occur in the structure of chromosomes due to radiation/diseases. Key results were obtained from the Diamond Light Source (Harwell), I-13-coherence beamline by imaging metal-stained and unstained human chromosome spreads at room temperature to determine the gain or loss of genetic material upon low-level X-ray irradiation doses due to radiation damage. The obtained better resolution phase-contrast images of chromosome spreads gave the distribution of electron density which correlates with the mass of the chromosomes. The masses of non-irradiated and irradiated chromosomes were karyotyped to observe the difference in the masses. Therefore, the mass of the human genome can be determined using phase-contrast X-ray ptychography. The X-ray ptychography results are fascinating. The importance of this research lies in developing a new and improved technique to image and weigh individual chromosomes that will benefit medicine in diagnosing cancer and other health problems from patient samples

Rahul Sankrityayan on Peasant Issues: with Aspect of their Social and Economic Questions

An important contribution to the realm of Indian literature and its historical evolution has been made by Rahul Sankrityayan. Specifically, his immense contributions to Buddhism turned out to be a turning point in the growth of Buddhism in contemporary India. Rahul was a man who wrote on multidimensional topics in which philosophy, politics, history, social and cultural issues were important. He was also a great wanderer and the main purpose of his wandering was to collect more and more knowledge and information on related places. From all his contributions his socio-economic approach was also tremendous. Rahul was not an absolute religious person but an intellectual socialist. In his writings, he is more realistic than idealistic because in most of his writing he presents contemporary conditions of India. He was aware of the peasants’ issues during 20th century and he continue took part of those movements especially during the decade of 1930s. He actively participated in that movement as a writer and also as an activist. He wrote different literature on the socio-economic issues and also presented ideas for the progressive society

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar on the Development of Currency System During British India: Problems and Suggestions

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's approach to economics was significant and founded on his expertise in comprehending issues at their most fundamental level. He had a profound awareness of both the British financial system and the pattern of the Indian rupee's exchange value. He explains the importance of the "medium of exchange" in stabilising any currency through its supply and demand networks. He was a first-generation Indian economist who earned degrees from the London School of Economics and Columbia University in the United States. He was the first to advocate for monetary and fiscal reform in India. In my paper, I will try to understand his analysis of the growth of Indian modern currency and the financial weaknesses during British India

An efficient Particle Swarm Optimization technique for identification of shortest path in Distributed Network

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Estimation of combining ability for yield and yield component traits in upland rice (Oryza Sativa L.) of Uttarakhand hills

Combining ability for grain yield and its component characters in rainfed upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) were studied during Kharif 2014 using half diallel involving ten parents viz., VL Dhan 221, Vivek Dhan 154, VL 30240, VL 7620, VL 30560, VL 8116, VL 8549, VL 8724, VL 8732 and Sukradhan1. Both general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) variances were found to be highly significant for the characters viz., plant height (gca=85.42; sca=23.12), days to 50% flowering (gca=101.61; sca=42.61), days to maturity (gca=90.37; sca=37.73), tillers per plant (gca=4.63; sca=1.38), panicle per plant (gca=2.36; sca=0.90),kernel length (gca=28.88; sca=23.61), kernel width (gca=1.64; sca=1.92),1000 grain weight (gca=3.60; sca=4.91), grain yield per plot (gca=8.57; sca=3.03), fertile grains per panicle (gca=690.67; sca=300.95) and grains per panicle (gca=1050.58; sca=437.75) indicating the importance of additive and non-additive gene actions in the expression of these traits. However, predominance of non-additive gene action was recorded for all the characters. Parents VL Dhan 221, VL 7620, VL 30560, Sukradhan 1 were good general combiners for grain yield and related characters. VL Dhan 221 and Vivek Dhan 154 were good general combiners for plant height and earliness. On the basis of specific combining ability effects, cross combinations Vivek Dhan 154 x VL 8549, VL 7620 x VL 30560, VL 8549 x VL 8732, VL 30560 x VL 8116 and VL 30240 x VL 8116 were the best specific combiner for grain yield per plot and other associated characters viz., plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, kernel length and kernal width