Triggers of Inflammatory Heart Disease

Inflammatory heart disease (IHD) is a group of diseases that includes pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis. Although males appear to be more commonly affected than females, IHD can be seen in any age group. While the disease can be self-limiting leading to full recovery, affected individuals can develop chronic disease, suggesting that identification of primary triggers is critical for successful therapies. Adding to this complexity, however, is the fact that IHD can be triggered by a variety of infectious and non-infectious causes that can also occur as secondary events to primary insults. In this review, we discuss the immunological insights into the development of IHD as well as a mechanistic understanding of the disease process in animal models

A Survey: Massive MIMO for next Generation Cellular Wireless Technologies

The rapid development of MIMO technology in the area of wireless communications is to setting up of base stations with large number of antennas to improvements in energy and spectral efficiency. In this paper a detailed survey on massive technology, its advantages and comparison with existing method are proposed. The Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been designed to support only packet-switched services and is aimed to provide IP connectivity between UE and eNodeB. As we move forward to5G becoming more promising next generation technology with increase in capacity, reduced latencies, support of very high frequencies (mmWave) with a smaller size single antenna, smaller the aperture for receiving energy. To overcome this small aperture on receiver side at high frequency, we need to use a large number of transmission antenna. This would be the main reason to use the Massive Multiple Input Multiple Outputs (MIMO).This paper focused on the massive MIMO performance, the gain, and return losses of different antennas operating at different frequencies

Triggers of Inflammatory Heart Disease

Inflammatory heart disease (IHD) is a group of diseases that includes pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis. Although males appear to be more commonly affected than females, IHD can be seen in any age group. While the disease can be self-limiting leading to full recovery, affected individuals can develop chronic disease, suggesting that identification of primary triggers is critical for successful therapies. Adding to this complexity, however, is the fact that IHD can be triggered by a variety of infectious and non-infectious causes that can also occur as secondary events to primary insults. In this review, we discuss the immunological insights into the development of IHD as well as a mechanistic understanding of the disease process in animal models

Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Dextramers: New Tools for the Detection of antigen-Specific, CD4 T Cells in Basic and Clinical Research

The advent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramer technology has been a major contribution to T cell immunology, because tetramer reagents permit detection of antigen-specific T cells at the single-cell level in heterogeneous populations by flow cytometry. However, unlike MHC class I tetramers, the utility of MHC class II tetramers has been less frequently reported. MHC class II tetramers can be used successfully to enumerate the frequencies of antigen-specific CD4 T cells in cells activated in vitro, but their use for ex vivo analyses continues to be a problem, due in part to their activation dependency for binding with T cells. To circumvent this problem, we recently reported the creation of a new generation of reagents called MHC class II dextramers, which were found to be superior to their counterparts. In this review, we discuss the utility of class II dextramers vis-a-vis tetramers, with respect to their specificity and sensitivity, including potential applications and limitations

EK3D : An E. coli K antigen 3D Structural Database

Diseases caused by multi drug resistant Gram-negative bacterial strains such as Enterobacteriaceae members (Salmonella, Pseudomonas & Klebsiella) claim millions of lives every year. One of the major virulence determinants of these bacteria are the polymeric surface antigens like capsular polysaccharides (CPS), exopolysaccharides (EPS) & lipopolysaccharides (LPS). A detailed understanding of these surface antigens is essential to develop drugs against bacterial infections. However, this is made difficult by the large variety of surface antigens that have been discovered to date

The first example of heterogeneous oxidation of secondary amines by tungstate-exchanged Mg-Al layered double hydroxides: a green protocol

Tungstate exchanged Mg-Al layered double hydroxides a as recyclable heterogenised catalyst along with H2O2 as an oxidant for the oxidation of sec-amines to nitrones is developed for the first time, Reactions proceed at a fast rate in aqueous media in a single step at room temperature in good to excellent yields. The heterogenised catalyst showed higher activity (TOF) over their homogeneous analogues and other heterogeneous catalysts reported so far. The obtained catalysts were well characterised by various instrumental techniques such as FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TGA and DTA), powder XRD and chemical analysis. The catalyst can be reused for six cycles with consistent activity and selectivity

Superconductivity in Ru substituted BaFe2-xRuxAs2

The occurrence of bulk superconductivity at ~22 K is reported in polycrystalline samples of BaFe2-xRuxAs2 for nominal Ru content in the range of x=0.75 to 1.125. A systematic suppression of the spin density wave transition temperature (TSDW) precedes the appearance of superconductivity in the system. A phase diagram is proposed based on the measured TSDW and superconducting transition temperature (TC) variations as a function of Ru composition. Band structure calculations, indicate introduction of electron carriers in the system upon Ru substitutiom. The calculated magnetic moment on Fe shows a minimum at x=1.0, suggesting that the suppression of the magnetic moment is associated with the emergence of superconductivity. Results of low temperature and high field Mossbauer measurements are presented. These indicate weakening of magnetic interaction with Ru substitutionComment: 20 pages 10 figure

Transgenic rice expressing Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) exhibits high-level resistance against major sap-sucking pests

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Rice (<it>Oryza sativa</it>) productivity is adversely impacted by numerous biotic and abiotic factors. An approximate 52% of the global production of rice is lost annually owing to the damage caused by biotic factors, of which ~21% is attributed to the attack of insect pests. In this paper we report the isolation, cloning and characterization of <it>Allium sativum </it>leaf agglutinin (<it>asal</it>) gene, and its expression in elite indica rice cultivars using <it>Agrobacterium</it>-mediated genetic transformation method. The stable transgenic lines, expressing ASAL, showed explicit resistance against major sap-sucking pests.</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>Allium sativum </it>leaf lectin gene (<it>asal</it>), coding for mannose binding homodimeric protein (ASAL) from garlic plants, has been isolated and introduced into elite indica rice cultivars susceptible to sap-sucking insects, viz., brown planthopper (BPH), green leafhopper (GLH) and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH). Embryogenic calli of rice were co-cultivated with <it>Agrobacterium </it>harbouring pSB111 super-binary vector comprising garlic lectin gene <it>asal </it>along with the herbicide resistance gene <it>bar</it>, both under the control of CaMV35S promoter. PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed stable integration of transgenes into the genomes of rice plants. Northern and western blot analyses revealed expression of ASAL in different transgenic rice lines. In primary transformants, the level of ASAL protein, as estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, varied between 0.74% and 1.45% of the total soluble proteins. <it>In planta </it>insect bioassays on transgenic rice lines revealed potent entomotoxic effects of ASAL on BPH, GLH and WBPH insects, as evidenced by significant decreases in the survival, development and fecundity of the insects.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p><it>In planta </it>insect bioassays were carried out on <it>asal </it>transgenic rice lines employing standard screening techniques followed in conventional breeding for selection of insect resistant plants. The ASAL expressing rice plants, bestowed with high entomotoxic effects, imparted appreciable resistance against three major sap-sucking insects. Our results amply demonstrate that transgenic indica rice harbouring <it>asal </it>exhibit surpassing resistance against BPH, GLH and WBPH insects. The prototypic <it>asal </it>transgenic rice lines appear promising for direct commercial cultivation besides serving as a potential genetic resource in recombination breeding.</p