Probabilistic game approaches for network cost allocation

In a restructured power market, the network cost is to be allocated between multiple players utilizing the system in varying capacities. Cooperative game approaches based on Shapley value and Nucleolus provide stable models for embedded cost allocation of power networks. Varying network usage necessitates the introduction of probabilistic approaches to cooperative games. This paper proposes a variety of probabilistic cooperative game approaches. These have variably been modeled based upon the probability of existence of players, the probability of existence of coalitions, and the probability of players joining a particular coalition along with their joining in a particular sequence. Application of these approaches to power networks reflects the system usage in a more justified way. Consistent and stable results qualify the application of probabilistic cooperative game approaches for cost allocation of power networks.Cooperative games, embedded cost allocation, probabilistic games, transmission pricing

Total lipid accumulation and fatty acid profiles of microalga Spirulina under different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations

Nutrient limitation in terms of nitrogen and phosphorus increased lipid accumulation under depleted growth in Spirulina strains. Nitrogen limitation was found more effective than phosphorus in accumulating lipid. The fatty acid profile was variable: palmitic (48%), linolenic (21%) and linoleic acids (15%) were the most prevalent types. It was interesting that nitrogen limitation was more effective in increasing total lipid content, whereas phosphorus limitation had more effect on the fatty acid profile. Fatty acid ratios were different under the two conditions of nutrient limitation, with γ -linolenic acid being accumulated in higher quantities under nitrogen than phosphorus limitation

The Connection between Self concept (Actual self Congruence & Ideal Self congruence) on Brand Preferences

Self concept has been a very important concept in consumer behavior and it gives the central idea to the Marketing people in the market place, Academician and business student to understand the bases to evaluate the self concept. The extensive previous research work gave very important conceptual answer to implement new marketing strategy. A different class of  customer can be shot in the marketplace. These are the customers who buy product while evaluating the product self-image, product/brand image and their congruity and then they set their minds to buy the products in the market. The purpose of the research is to explore the self concept dimensions to examine the self congruity relationship with brand preference. Relationships between constructs (actual self congruity, ideal self congruity and brand preference) were hypothesized and data were collected through survey Method. The perceptions of 400 respondents about their self congruity with brand preference were obtained for two types of product usage (‘Mobile phone’ as conspicuous and ‘Bathing soaps’ as inconspicuous) with Seven brands in each type. The moderating role of ‘type of product usage (Conspicuous and inconspicuous)’ was examined in the relationship between actual/ideal self congruity and brand preference

Evaluation of hydraulics characteristics and management strategies of subsurface drainage system in Indira Gandhi Canal Command

The present study revealed the performance of subsurface drainage systems for long-term sustainability of irrigated agriculture.  The performance of subsurface drainage systems was evaluated on the basis of drain spacing equations for disposal of effluent and hydraulic characteristics of envelop materials, like entrance resistance created by envelop and hydraulic conductivity.  Three important synthetic envelopes, HG 22, SAPP 240 and CAN 2 were tested in laboratory using sand tank model and permeability apparatus to compare their performances in terms of entrance resistance and hydraulic conductivity of soil envelope system.  The hydraulic conductivity for SAPP 240 filter was found the highest and entrance resistance the lowest. Performance of four unsteady state drain spacing equations viz.  Glover-Dumm, Van Schilfgaarde, Integrated Hooghoudt and Modified Glover equations were also tested to evaluate disposal efficiency of excess water.  The percentage deviation between predicted drain spacing and actual spacing was -33.31% to -31.55%, 9.40% to 17.07%, 11.84% to 20.83% and 6.10% to 14.62% for Glover-Dumm, Van Schilfgaarde, Integrated Hooghoudt and Modified Glover equations, respectively.  Modified Glover equation showed minimum deviation from actual drain spacing due to its versatile applicability.  Therefore, the Modified Glover equation with SAPP 240 filter was recommended for subsurface drainage system in sandy soil texture areas.Keywords: subsurface drainage, unsteady drain spacing equations, evaluation hydraulic characteristics, management strategie

Oxidative Stress Induced Lipid Peroxidation And DNA Adduct Formation In The Pathogenesis Of Multiple Myeloma And Lymphoma

Objective: To access the oxidative stress status by quantification of byproducts generated during lipid peroxidation and DNA breakdown products generated during DNA damage in the blood serum of multiple myeloma and lymphoma patients.Material & Methods: Case control study comprised of 40 patients of multiple myeloma and 20 patients of lymphoma along with 20 age and sex-matched healthy subjects as controls. Levels of Malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-Guanosine were measured to study the oxidative stress status in the study subjects.Results: The level of markers of DNA damage and lipid peroxidation were found to be raised significantly in the study subjects in comparison to healthy controls. The results indicate oxidative stress and DNA damage activity increase progressively with the progression of disease.Conclusion: Oxidative stress causes DNA damage and Lipid peroxidation which results in the formation of DNA adducts leading to mutations thereby indicate the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma and lymphoma