Comparative and legal study of the concept of crime under legislation of cis countries

This article analyzes the concept of crime under the criminal law of CIS countries, and reveals the specifics of the signs that make up this concept. The present study is based on the features that are most often found in the legislation of CIS countrie

Voluntary Refusal to Commit a Crime: Significance, General and Special Signs

The article describes and examines the significance of the rule of the voluntary refusal to commit a crime, as well as explores its general and special signs. It is noted that the voluntary refusal to commit a crime is the rule contained in any modern, progressive law. In this vein, there are different theoretical approaches to the determination of its value and signs. The signs are debatable in nature, and their establishment by the law enforcer may cause difficulties. The difference between voluntary refusal to commit a crime, which is implemented in three functions, is determined, definitions of general signs of voluntary refusal are proposed, their content is clarified. Special signs of voluntary refusal are disclosed

Signs of voluntary refusal of criminal purpose according to the criminal legislation of CIS countries

This paper deals with the analysis of the texts of the criminal laws of the CIS countries for the purpose of reflecting the signs of voluntary refusal to commit crime. The specifics of the methods for describing the conditions of voluntary refusal for the perpetrator of the crime, as well as for other accomplices, are disclosed. The study shows the heterogeneity of approaches to the number of signs of voluntary refusal and the varying degree of completeness of their descriptio

Voluntary refusal to commit a crime: significance, general and special signs

The article describes and examines the significance of the rule of the voluntary refusal to commit a crime, as well as explores its general and special signs. It is noted that the voluntary refusal to commit a crime is the rule contained in any modern, progressive law. In this vein, there are different theoretical approaches to the determination of its value and signs. The signs are debatable in nature, and their establishment by the law enforcer may cause difficulties. The difference between voluntary refusal to commit a crime, which is implemented in three functions, is determined, definitions of general signs of voluntary refusal are proposed, their content is clarified. Special signs of voluntary refusal are disclose

Committing a Crime while Intoxicated: The Basis of Liability and Legal Regulation

This article attempts to analyzes the concept and types of intoxication. The authors also take into consideration the basis of criminal liability for committing a crime while intoxicated, as well as the role of intoxication in criminal la

Salmonella-induced changes of the rat intestinal microbiota

The gut microbiome profoundly affects the body functioning: it participates in host protection against pathogenic microorganisms, metabolic events, inhibition of inflammatory responses, formation of innate and adaptive immune response in the intestinal mucosa. One of the causes altering microbiota community is due to antibiotics. Therefore, the processes of antibiotics interaction together with Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium with representatives of normal intestinal microflora are of particular interest. Materials and methods. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the wall microbiota composition in rats was evaluated by bacteriological method, the statistical data analysis was performed using the software StatSoft Statistica v.12. Results and discussion. Inoculation of vancomycin and S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium in groups II, III, IV resulted in quantitatively decreased E. coli level by 10-, 7- and 110-fold, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). The count of P. aeruginosa decreased markedly only in the group III (p ≤ 0.05). The count of Bacteroides spp. members was profoundly decreased by several thousand times (group II) as well as 70- and 87-fold (groups III and IV), respectively (p ≤ 0.05). The count of E. faecalis and E. faecium decreased by 861-, 6- and several thousand times (groups II, III, IV), respectively (p ≤ 0.05). The count of Proteus spp. markedly decreased in group II by 27-fold and rapidly increased in group IV (p ≤ 0.05). Group III revealed a sharp decline in level of Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. by 847- and 150-fold, whereas in group II they were increased by 7- and 46-fold, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). The count of Staphylococcus spp. decreased by 10-fold only in group II. The level of Clostridium spp. decreased by several thousand times (group II) and by 5,500 times (group IV) (p ≤ 0.05). The count of Lactobacillus spp. decreased by several thousand times (group II). The count of Bifidobacterium spp. members significantly decreased by 10.9-fold and by several thousand times (groups III, IV). The level of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius profoundly decreased in all three study groups (p ≤ 0.05). The level of Salmonella spp. increased in group II by 49 times, but markedly increased in groups III and IV (p ≤ 0.05). Inoculation of Salmonella after vancomycin pretreatment caused dramatic change in the microbiota composition in groups V and VI, namely: increased count of E. coli by 65- and 105-fold, markedly increased level of P. aeruginosa in group V and VI — by 3-fold. In addition, these groups also showed decreased level of Bacteroides spp. by 9- and 10-fold (p ≤ 0.05). The count of E. faecalis and E. faecium decreased dramatically only in group V (p ≤ 0.05). The count of Proteus spp. decreased by 17 times in group V as well as in group VI (p ≤ 0.05). A sharp increase in level of Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. members was observed in groups V and VI (p ≤ 0.05). However, representatives of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius in groups V and VI decreased by 20 and 9 times, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). The count of Salmonella spp. decreased only in group V by 7 times (p ≤ 0,05). Inoculating experimental animals with B. fragilis conditioned with S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium and pretreated with vancomycin resulted in markedly decreased level of E. coli in group VII and VIII by 538 times (p ≤ 0.05). The count of P. aeruginosa in groups VII and VIII decreased profoundly, whereas level of Bacteroides spp. members was reciprocally increased (p ≤ 0.05). The level of Lactobacillus spp. decreased by 10.3 times only in group VI. The count of E. faecalis and E. faecium increased by 10 and 19 times in groups VII and VIII, respectively, whereas level of Proteus spp. decreased only in group VII by 322 times (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, a sharp decrease in level of Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. members (p ≤ 0.05) was found in groups VII and VIII. The count of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Lactobacillus spp. members was markedly increased by 7-, 12-, several thousand-fold and 40 times (groups VII and VIII, respectively) (p ≤ 0.05). The count of S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium in groups VII and VIII decreased rapidly (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion. Inoculation of B. fragilis can be used in treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases or disorders with impaired gut barrier function

Signs of voluntary refusal of criminal purpose according to the criminal legislation of CIS countries

This paper deals with the analysis of the texts of the criminal laws of the CIS countries for the purpose of reflecting the signs of voluntary refusal to commit crime. The specifics of the methods for describing the conditions of voluntary refusal for the perpetrator of the crime, as well as for other accomplices, are disclosed. The study shows the heterogeneity of approaches to the number of signs of voluntary refusal and the varying degree of completeness of their descriptio

Crime preparation regulation peculiarities in criminal codes of CIS countries

The article analyzes the texts of CIS country criminal laws for the completeness of objective and subjective reflection of crime preparation signs. They revealed the specifics of methods for objective characteristics description in the articles of the General Part of the Criminal Law. They studied the legislative approaches to the limits and the methods of preparatory action criminalizing. It is stated that with all the diversity of legislative approaches to objective and subjective crime preparation sign formalizing, it is possible to single out some common features for all state

Crime preparation regulation peculiarities in criminal codes of CIS countries

The article analyzes the texts of CIS country criminal laws for the completeness of objective and subjective reflection of crime preparation signs. They revealed the specifics of methods for objective characteristics description in the articles of the General Part of the Criminal Law. They studied the legislative approaches to the limits and the methods of preparatory action criminalizing. It is stated that with all the diversity of legislative approaches to objective and subjective crime preparation sign formalizing, it is possible to single out some common features for all state

Attempt: signs and types

The objective of this study was to analyze what was tempted by direct criminal science. A basic investigation is a dialectical approach to the dissemination of legal phenomena and processes, going through gerais scientific methods (systematic and logical methods, analysis and synthesis) and specific scientific methods. The results will show that the attempted crime was part of the objective side of a certain criminal corpus. The beginning of the attempt may coincide as the beginning of the constitutive act of the crime. Furthermore, an attempt is classified by the implementation of the intention as completed and not completed. And, finally, a special kind of attempt is a "futile attempt."An unsuccessful attempt must be subject to responsibility and qualification, bem as a common attempt