Huancavelica : ¿cómo vamos en educación?

Reúne información estadística relevante de la situación actual de la educación de la región Huancavelica, ha sido hecho para servir como una guía informativa amigable de todos aquellos actores de la región que puedan influir positivamente en su realidad educativa. Entre 2004 y 2013, la tasa media de crecimiento anual del gasto público educativo por alumno fue de 22% en inicial, 16.9% en primaria y 12.0% en secundaria. En los últimos tres años, el gasto por alumno en inicial y primaria ha crecido hasta llegar a ser mayor al gasto por alumno nacional a partir de 2008. El porcentaje de escuelas con acceso a Internet de Huancavelica en primaria pasó de 0.5% en 2005 a 15.1% en 2014. En secundaria el crecimiento fue mayor, pasando de 4.4% en 2005 a 29.7% en 2014. Sin embargo, estos valores siguen siendo menores a los valores nacionales, de 27.9% en primaria y 52% en secundaria. El indicador en primaria muestra que en la mayoría de distritos el valor es menor a 20%. En secundaria hay mayor heterogeneidad aunque pocos los distritos con porcentajes altos de instituciones con acceso a internet. Entre 2004 y 2013, las tasas de asistencia para los tres niveles de educación básica regular han crecido en Huancavelica, sobre todo en inicial y secundaria. El acceso a educación inicial aumentó de manera más amplia, pasando de 42.4% en 2004 a 78.5% en 2013. En el nivel secundaria, la tasa de asistencia pasó de 64.1% en 2004 a 80.3% en 2013. En primaria, la tasa de asistencia pasó de 86.5% a 94.9%. En 2014, el número promedio de alumnos por docente en Huancavelica fue de trece en inicial y de doce en primaria y secundaria, los que son mayores a los valores nacionales en inicial y primaria (16 y 14 respectivamente). En el nivel inicial, las provincias tienen valores entre nueve y catorce estudiantes por docente, mientras que en primaria y secundaria, las provincias tienen entre ocho y catorce y entre siete y catorce estudiantes por docente, respectivamente. Huancavelica presenta mayores tasas de atraso con respecto a todo el país, tanto en primaria como en secundaria. Asimismo, esta región presenta una mayor tasa de desaprobados en primaria y una mayor tasa de retirados en secundaria respecto al resto del país. El porcentaje de desaprobados en primaria en las provincias de Huancavelica fluctúa desde 2.6% en Castrovirreyna hasta 6.2% en Angaraes. En secundaria, el porcentaje de desaprobados oscila entre 4.1% en Huaytara y 11.1% en Angaraes. En ambos niveles educativos, la mayoría de distritos tiene menos del 10% de estudiantes con atraso escolar, aunque en secundaria existe un gran número de distritos con más del 20% de estudiantes con atraso escolar. En cuanto al porcentaje de retirados en 2013, la mayoría de distritos en primaria y secundaria se ubican debajo de 8%. Sin embargo, mientras que en primaria solo un distrito tiene más del 8% de retiro, en secundaria hay diez distritos que cumplen esta condición

Talcosis related to exposure index among soapstone handicraft workers in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Introdu??o Apesar da grande utiliza??o de pedra-sab?o na produ??o de artesanatos, especialmente na regi?o de Ouro Preto-MG, existem poucas publica??es sobre talcose no Brasil. Objetivo Relacionar a ocorr?ncia de talcose com n?veis de exposi??o ? poeira de pedra-sab?o entre artes?os de Ouro Preto. Metodologia Foram reanalisadas radiografias e espirometrias de 74 artes?os de um estudo original, realizado h? alguns anos. Foi elaborado um ?ndice de exposi??o ? poeira de pedra sab?o a partir da revis?o dos registros de avalia??es dos ambientes de trabalho realizadas por ocasi?o do estudo original. Ajustou-se um modelo de regress?o log?stica para verificar a associa??o da exposi??o com suspeita ou presen?a de pneumoconiose. Resultados A idade de in?cio da exposi??o ocupacional e o tempo de exposi??o tiveram mediana de 15,5 e 15 anos, respetivamente. Quatro pacientes apresentaram imagens compat?veis com pneumoconiose, oito apresentaram suspeita radiol?gica da doen?a e um apresentava placa pleural. Houve associa??o do tempo e do ?ndice de exposi??o com a presen?a ou suspeita radiol?gica de pneumoconiose. Apenas 34 espirometrias preencheram crit?rios t?cnicos para an?lise e a capacidade vital for?ada apresentou diferen?a significativa entre o grupo controlo e aquele alterado/suspeito de pneumoconiose. Conclus?o Confirmou-se a conhecida rela??o dose-resposta da exposi??o a poeiras de pedra-sab?o associada ? pneumoconiose e o adoecimento em popula??o jovem, sem acesso a acompanhamento m?dico regular e desprotegida do ponto de vista previdenci?rio, por estar inserida no mercado informal de trabalho.Introduction Although soapstone is widely used in handcraft manufacture, there are few studies on talcosis in Brazil. Objective To assess the association of exposure levels to soapstone dust with the prevalence of talcosis among artisans in Ouro Preto, Brazil. Methodology Chest Radiograph imaging and spirometry of 74 artisans were performed and a soapstone dust exposure rate was calculated from recorded occupational environmental reports. Logistic regression model was applied to estimate the association of the calculated exposure rate with known or suspected pneumoconiosis. Results Median age at first exposure was 15.5 years and the median duration of exposure was 15 years. Pneumoconiosis typical images were found in 4 patients and suggesting radiological features were found in other 8 with an additional worker presenting pleural plaques. Both exposure time and the calculated exposure rate were associated with pneumoconiosis radiological features. Only 34 spirometry tests met the minimum requirements for analysis. The group presenting pneumoconiosis-suggestive images presented a significative difference in forced vital capacity when compared to normal controls. Conclusion The study confirmed the dose-response relationship of soapstone exposure and pneumoconiosis, especially affecting a younger population, unprovided of regular health care due to informal employment

Actions of nutritionists as the technicians responsible for school food in municipalities in the states of Minas Gerais and Esp?rito Santo.

O nutricionista ? respons?vel pela promo??o da seguran?a alimentar e nutricional na alimenta??o escolar, contribuindo para a constru??o de pr?ticas alimentares saud?veis. Neste estudo buscou-se conhecer a atua??o de nutricionistas respons?veis t?cnicos da alimenta??o escolar em munic?pios de Minas Gerais e Esp?rito Santo. Foi realizado estudo de corte transversal com participa??o de 77 nutricionistas, incluindo an?lises descritivas; univariadas e an?lises de regress?o de Poisson com vari?ncia robusta. Constatou-se o descumprimento pela maioria dos nutricionistas de diversas atribui??es essenciais do programa, previstas em Lei, como produ??o do plano anual de trabalho, an?lise da composi??o nutricional de card?pios, elabora??o de fichas t?cnicas de prepara??o, utiliza??o do Manual de Boas Pr?ticas de Fabrica??o e realiza??o do teste de aceitabilidade. Os modelos de regress?o mostraram que nutricionistas que desenvolviam plano de trabalho, avalia??o nutricional e teste de aceitabilidade apresentaram maior ocorr?ncia de realiza??o de a??es de Educa??o Alimentar e Nutricional. Ressalta-se necessidade imediata de adequa??o dos munic?pios ? legisla??o vigente e implementa??o de a??es corretivas.The nutritionist is responsible for promoting eating and nutritional security in school food, thereby contributing to the adoption of healthy eating habits. The scope of this study was to assess the actions of nutritionists as the technicians responsible for school food in the states of Minas Gerais and Esp?rito Santo. A cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 77 nutritionists, and included descriptive, univariate, multivariate and Poisson regression analysis with robust variance. The results revealed non-compliance by the majority of nutritionists with various fundamental attributions of the program as required by law. These include the compilation of the annual work plan, analysis of the nutritional composition of menus, elaboration of technical procedures for food preparation, use of the Good Preparation Practices Manual and conducting the test of acceptability. The regression models showed that nutritionists who prepared a work plan, performed nutritional assessment and conducted tests of acceptability, perform more Food and Nutrition Education actions. These findings highlight the urgent need to bring the municipalities into line with prevailing legislation and implement corrective actions

Structure of the food and nutrition surveillance system in primary health care in the Minas Gerais state.

A Vigil?ncia Alimentar e Nutricional-VAN visa a monitorar o estado alimentar e nutricional da popula??o com o prop?sito de prover informa??o cont?nua sobre as condi??es alimentares e nutricionais e seus fatores determinantes para tomada de decis?o pelos gestores. As a??es para sua operacionaliza??o devem ser promovidas no ?mbito da Aten??o B?sica do Sistema ?nico de Sa?de, utilizando a estrutura dispon?vel desse n?vel de aten??o, incluindo os recursos humanos, financeiros, f?sicos e materiais. Este trabalho objetivou identificar e descrever a estrutura organizacional para a realiza??o de a??es de vigil?ncia alimentar e nutricional em n?vel municipal, por meio de question?rio estruturado, enviado aos 853 munic?pios de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Participaram da pesquisa 432 munic?pios, nos quais foi observado que a estrutura para a realiza??o de a??es de alimenta??o e nutri??o avan?ou, desde a implanta??o da Vigil?ncia Alimentar e Nutricional, no Sistema ?nico de Sa?de, mas carece de adequa??es que possibilitem qualificar as a??es de alimenta??o e nutri??oThe aim of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance is to monitor the food and nutritional status of the population, for decision making by managers. This enables continuous collection of information regarding food and nutritional conditions and their determining factors. To implement this system, programs should be promoted within the basic care provided by the Unified Health System (SUS) by using the structure available at this level of care that includes human, financial, and material resources. With the aid of a structured questionnaire sent to 853 municipalities in Minas Gerais, the aim of this study was to identify and describe the structure available at the municipal level for the implementation of food and nutrition surveillance programs. Around 432 municipalities participated in the survey, revealing that their structure for the implementation of food and nutrition programs, in terms of the availability of human, financial, and material resources, requiring adaptations and greater consideration by the administration

Method validation of nanoparticle tracking analysis to measure pulmonary nanoparticle content : the size distribution in exhaled breath condensate depends on occupational exposure.

Aparticle exposure assessment based on the dose deposited in the lungs would be the gold standard for the evaluation of any resulting health effects. Measuring particles in exhaled breath condensate (EBC)?a matrix containing water and airway lining fluid?could help to evaluate particle retention in the lungs. This study aimed to (1) validate a nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) method for determining the particle number concentration and their hydrodynamic size distribution in EBC, and (2) apply this method to EBC collected from workers exposed to soapstone (n?=?55) or quartz dust (n?=?12) and controls (n?=?11). A standard latex bead solution was used to determine the linear range, limit of detection (LOD), repeatability (coefficient of variation,CV), and bias in spiked EBC. An LM10 NanoSight instrument withNTAversion 3.1 software was used for measurement. RTubes? were used for field collection of EBC. The repeatability obtained for aD50 size distribution in EBC showed less than8%variability, with a bias<7%. The particle concentration was linear in the range 2.5?108 particles ml?1 with aLODof 4?106 particles ml?1. A recovery of 117???20% at 6.2?107 particles ml?1 was obtained with aCV<10% and a bias<20%. EBC from workers exposed to quartz, who experienced the largest exposure to silica particles, consistently exhibited a statistically significant (p?<?0.01) higher concentration of particles in their EBC, with a size distribution shift towards larger values than the other groups. Results showed that theNTAtechnique performed well for characterizing the size distribution and concentrations of particles in EBC. The technique needs to be corroborated with a larger population of workers

Silica exposure and disease in semi-precious stone craftsmen, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Background Brazil is an exporter of precious stones and craftsmen often work in poor conditions. We assessed silica-related diseases among crystal craftsmen and the complexity of its control. Methods Case-series including 118 subjects evaluated from 2006 to 2015, based on medical interviews, chest X-rays, spirometry, and respirable silica samples. Results Median age and length of exposure were 32 and 13 years, respectively. Silicosis, with 1/0 as a threshold, was diagnosed radiologically in 57 individuals (48.3%). Respirable silica concentrations were 0.9?29.3 times greater than the Brazilian occupational exposure limit. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve with the same diagnosis threshold showed best discrimination at a cut point of 12.5 years of exposure, corresponding to 4.85 mg-y/m3 of cumulative silica exposure. There was a significant decline in FEV1 across radiological and cumulative silica exposure categories. Eleven individuals (9.3%) had mycobacterial diseases at baseline or follow-up. Conclusion Crystal craftsmen continue to suffer from silicosis, lung function impairment, comorbidity, and death due to silicosis. To date collective protection in some work sheds has not diminished silica levels. Long-term follow-up is needed to evaluate further improvements in preventive measures