Kale-i Tavas (Tabae) antik kentinin (Kale-Denizli) jeolojik ve jeoteknik özellikleri

Kale-i Tavas (Tabae) which is an ancient settlement was established on a hill. At the top of the geological units horizontally layered lacustrine limestone and under gravel, sand and clay units located. There is an angular unconformity between two geological units. Geological units are fractured. Tabae, was abandoned due to landslides and rock falls in 1954. Since the historical period, man made water retaining structures (cisterns, wells, underground openings, galleries etc.) are available to collect The effects of fractures, water, and earthquake have been investigated on the mass movements. The wells, cisterns, lithological units, and fractures that are detected in the area, were transferred to 1/2000 scale map. Denizli city and vicinity has the 1st degree earthquake risk zone. In the region, many destructive earthquakes have occurred. Rock and soil samples were taken for experimentation in the laboratory. In the dry state the density of rock samples: 23.3-24.4 kN/m(3) and uniaxial compressive strength: between 12-25 MPa; In the wet state the density of rock samples. 23.7-25.6 kN/m(3) and uniaxial compressive strength: 5-12 MPa values ranged from. Freezing of the water filled into the fractures, earthquake, increase of pore water pressure, and decreasing cohesion due to moisture etc. are major factors accelerating the mass movement In experiments conducted in silty clayey sand cohesion 16-25 kPa; friction angle varies between 18-20 degrees When all the results evaluated together; water retaining structures and fractures have accelerated occurring to the mass movements

GÜMÜŞLER (DENİZLİ) YERLEŞİM ALANININ JEOLOJİK-JEOTEKNİK ÖZELLİKLERİ

Gümüşler Municipality settlement area is located at the northwest of the Denizli city center in Aegean Region. Denizli and its neighboring area are in an active seismic region. The study area, is 18 km2, has a morphology that is developed under the extension tectonics. There are two types of units in the investigation area which are Neogene and Quaternary aged ones. pH values, sulphate and magnesium content of the water samples in the study area 6.5-7, 150-200 mg/lt and 75-100 mg/lt respectively. It demonstrates that they can be used for concrete production. The studies show that liquid limit is between 14 % and 52 % and plasticity index ranges from 1 % to 24 %. Menard pressuremeter results suggest that ultimate bearing capacity of soils varies in a wide range that is between 120 kPa and 4600 kPa. Menard Elastic Modulus of the tested samples varies from 6.7 to 316.7 MPa. Internal friction angle (φ) and cohesion (c) of the soils are 13°-40° and 1-3 kPa respectively.Gümüşler Beldesi, Denizli şehir merkezinin kuzeybatı kısmındadır. Denizli ve çevresi sismik olarak aktif bir bölgede yer alır. İnceleme alanı, yaklaşık 18 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip olup genişleme tektoniğine bağlı bir morfoloji sunmaktadır. Gümüşler (Denizli) yerleşim alanında Neojen ve Kuvaterner olarak yaşlandırılan iki farklı birim gözlenmektedir. İnceleme alanındaki suların pH değerleri 6,5–7, sülfat içerikleri 150–200 mg/lt ve magnezyum içerikleri 75–100 mg/lt arasında değişmektedir. Elde edilen değerler betona uygunluk açısından kabul edilebilir sınırlar arasındadır. İnceleme alanındaki birimlerin likit limiti % 14–52 ve plastisite indisi % 1–24 arasında bulunmuştur. Menard Presiyometre cihazı kullanılarak elde edilen nihai taşıma gücü 120 kPa–4600 kPa, Menard Elastisite Modülü 6,7–316,7 MPa arasında değişmektedir. İçsel sürtünme açısı (φ) 13º-40º ve kohezyon (c) değeri genel olarak 1–3 kPa arasındadır

The effect of the pH of the testing liquid on the slake durability of gypsum

It is known that foundation problems are caused by the dissolution of gypsum due to both chemical and mechanical processes. In order to investigate the combined effect of physico-chemical agents on the erodability of gypsum, a series of slake durability tests were carried out on eight different types of gypsum using testing solutions with different pH values. XRD, chemical and petrographical analyses, and basic strength tests such as unconfined compression, Brazilian tensile, and point load were performed on the eight rock types. The slake durability results ranged from medium to very high under the different pH conditions but it was concluded that the slake durability of gypsum is independent of the pH of the testing solution. Mineralogical composition and fabric are considered to have a greater influence on the slake durability of gypsum. © Springer-Verlag 2005

An approach for the application of energy-based liquefaction procedure using field case history data

This paper presents an overview to the applicability of the “energy-based liquefaction approach” with regards to the new developments in the subject. The method involves comparing the strain energy for the soil liquefaction (capacity) with the strain energy imparted to the soil layer during an earthquake (demand). The performance of the method was evaluated by using a large database of SPT-based liquefaction case history. The energy-based method and the more commonly used stress-based method were compared in their capability to assess liquefaction potential under the same damaging historic earthquakes and geotechnical site conditions. In the procedure, the predictive strain energy equations were used to estimate the capacity energy values. These empirical equations have been developed based on the initial effective soil parameters. As for the energy of any given strong ground motion, it was computed from a velocity-time history of the ground motion and the unit mass of soil through utilization of kinetic energy concepts. The proposed energy-based method has effective way in evaluating the liquefaction potential based on the seismological parameters, contrary to the stress-based approach, where only peak ground acceleration (PGA) is considered. Keywords: Soil liquefaction; energy-based liquefaction method; field case histories; earthquake UNCORRECTED. © 2020 General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA). All rights reserved