Value of hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs [ASPs]:a systematic review

Abstract Background Hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) aim to promote judicious use of antimicrobials to combat antimicrobial resistance. For ASPs to be developed, adopted, and implemented, an economic value assessment is essential. Few studies demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of ASPs. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the economic and clinical impact of ASPs. Methods An update to the Dik et al. systematic review (2000–2014) was conducted on EMBASE and Medline using PRISMA guidelines. The updated search was limited to primary research studies in English (30 September 2014–31 December 2017) that evaluated patient and/or economic outcomes after implementation of hospital ASPs including length of stay (LOS), antimicrobial use, and total (including operational and implementation) costs. Results One hundred forty-six studies meeting inclusion criteria were included. The majority of these studies were conducted within the last 5 years in North America (49%), Europe (25%), and Asia (14%), with few studies conducted in Africa (3%), South America (3%), and Australia (3%). Most studies were conducted in hospitals with 500–1000 beds and evaluated LOS and change in antibiotic expenditure, the majority of which showed a decrease in LOS (85%) and antibiotic expenditure (92%). The mean cost-savings varied by hospital size and region after implementation of ASPs. Average cost savings in US studies were $732 per patient (range:$2.50 to $2640), with similar trends exhibited in European studies. The key driver of cost savings was from reduction in LOS. Savings were higher among hospitals with comprehensive ASPs which included therapy review and antibiotic restrictions. Conclusions Our data indicates that hospital ASPs have significant value with beneficial clinical and economic impacts. More robust published data is required in terms of implementation, LOS, and overall costs so that decision-makers can make a stronger case for investing in ASPs, considering competing priorities. Such data on ASPs in lower- and middle-income countries is limited and requires urgent attention

Avaliação do nível de satisfação de usuários de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individuais dispensados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde Satisfaction evaluation in users of hearing aid dispensed by the Unified Health System

OBJETIVO: Adaptar culturalmente o questionário Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Life (SADL), versão em Português Brasileiro, para administrar em usuários de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individuais (AASIs) dispensados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). MÉTODOS: Participaram da pesquisa 19 sujeitos usuários de AASIs dispensados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, por no mínimo três semanas, com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, que apresentavam perda auditiva pós-lingual, sendo 63% do gênero masculino e 37% do gênero feminino, com média de idade de 73 anos e média de tempo de uso das próteses auditivas de cinco meses. Os sujeitos responderam ao questionário SADL e a uma Escala de Satisfação de item único, além de alguns itens adicionais. Foi realizada a análise da consistência interna do SADL, a análise descritiva dos resultados, para caracterizar as respostas dos sujeitos, a comparação dos resultados com os dados normativos propostos pelos autores e uma investigação do relacionamento entre o SADL e a escala de satisfação de item único. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos para a pontuação global evidenciaram que os sujeitos, em média, encontravam-se satisfeitos com seus AASIs. O mesmo ocorreu para todas as subescalas do SADL, sendo que a subescala Imagem Pessoal apresentou o maior número de pessoas muito satisfeitas. Os resultados obtidos foram equivalentes aos encontrados pelos autores e o SADL mostrou ser um questionário com boa consistência interna (0,71). Houve íntima relação entre a escala de satisfação de item único e a pontuação global do SADL. Para as duas medidas de satisfação, a maioria dos sujeitos demonstrou estar "satisfeito" com seus AASIs e ambas as escalas apresentaram correlação alta e significativa (0,935). CONCLUSÃO: Em média, os sujeitos estavam satisfeitos com seus AASIs dispensados pelo SUS. O questionário SADL, versão em Português Brasileiro, mostrou-se um instrumento eficaz para avaliar o nível de satisfação dos usuários de AASIs dispensados pelo SUS avaliados neste estudo. Novas pesquisas são necessárias para complementar estes achados.<br>PURPOSE: To culturally adapt the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Life (SADL) questionnaire to be administered in users of hearing aids dispensed by Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS: Participants were 19 subjects, users of hearing aids dispensed by SUS for at least three weeks, with ages 60 or older, who had post-lingual hearing loss. Sixty three percent of them were male and 37% were female, with mean age of 73 years and mean duration of hearing aids use of five months. Subjects answered the SADL questionnaire and a single-item Satisfaction Scale, besides a few additional items. The internal consistency analysis of the SADL was carried out, as well as the descriptive analysis of the results, in order to compare them to the normative data reported by the questionnaire authors. The relationship between SADL's global scores and the Satisfaction Scale were also investigated. RESULTS: The results for the overall scores evidenced that subjects, in average, were satisfied with their hearing aids. The same was true for all subscales of the SADL, and the Personal Image subscale had the largest number of people very satisfied. The results were equivalent to those found by the questionnaire authors, and the SADL showed a good internal consistency (0.71). The single-item Satisfaction Scale was closely related to the global score of the SADL. For both satisfaction measures, most subjects demonstrated to be "satisfied" with their hearing aids, and there was a high significant correlation between both scales (0.935). CONCLUSION: In average, subjects were satisfied with their hearing aids dispensed by SUS. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the SADL proved to be an effective instrument to assess the level of satisfaction among the users of hearing aids dispensed by SUS evaluated in this study. Further research is necessary to complement these findings