Influence of lipid supplementation on milk components and fatty acid profile

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different lipid sources in diets for lactating cows on milk yield and composition, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and fatty acid profile in the milk fat. Five primiparous Holstein cows were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Treatments were: control (no lipid addition) and four other diets containing different lipids sources - ground raw soybean, cottonseed, soybean oil, and calcium salts of soybean fatty acids (CSSFA). The greater milk yield (kg/day) and milk lactose (g/kg) and solids non-fat (g/kg) contents were obtained with the animals fed diets with CSSFA. Regarding the fatty acid profile in the milk fat, the diets with CSSFA and ground raw soybeans produced the greatest concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and C182. Supplementation with CSSFA provided a greater production (g/day) of CLA, resulting in almost twice the values shown by the other treatments. The use of different lipid sources does not affect the milk total solids (protein, fat, and lactose) and CSSFA has a positive influence on the fatty acid profile of the milk fat and amount of CLA produced. Additionally, milk yield is not affected by this supplement

Utilização de quitosana na alimentação de ruminantes

O objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos da utilização\ud da quitosana na nutrição de ruminantes e demonstrar os resultados obtidos\ud com sua aplicação na dieta de bovinos no Brasil. Foram utilizados neste\ud estudo 8 novilhos canulados da raça Nelore. Os animais foram submetidos\ud à 4 diferentes tratamentos, sendo além do controle, fomecidas as doses de\ud 50 mg, 100 mg ou 150 mg/kg de peso vivo (PV) de quitosana diariamente\ud e inseri da no rúmen. Na adição da concentração de 150 mg/kg de PV de\ud quitosana observou-se diminuição sobre o consumo de fibra detergente neutro\ud (FDN), expressos em kg/dia e em porcentagem de PV do animal. A inclusão\ud de quitosana na dieta proporcionou aumento da digestibilidade da matéria seca\ud (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB),carboidratos totais (CT),\ud FDN e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Houve efeito quadrático sobre\ud o N-NH3 com a inclusão de quitosana na dieta. A inclusão de quitosana na\ud dieta alterou as proporções molares de AGCC individualmente. O aditivo\ud proporcionou aumento das concentrações de propionato (mmol/L) a medida\ud que se elevou as concentrações de quitosana e de forma semelhante houve\ud aumento de 7,47% para as porcentagens molares de propionato. Houve\ud diminuição da relação acetato:propionato, principalmente com a inclusão de\ud 150mg/Kg de peso vivo de quitosana diariamente.Foi observado também neste\ud trabalho, efeito linear decrescente para a proporção molar de butirato.Assim\ud como esperado as concentrações de glicose plasmática foram influenciadas\ud notadamente neste estudo, resultando num incremento de 18,58%, 26,35%,\ud 23,68% respectivamente para o controle versus as três concentrações\ud utilizadas. Estes dados são coesivos com o aumento também linear obtido\ud na participação do propionato no total de AGCC. Embora estejam dentro dos...Os organizadores autorizam a reprodução total ou parcial deste trabalho, para qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte

In vitro degradation and transit ruminal of fiber in diets with lipid supplements

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o comportamento da fibra no trato digestório por meio da cinética de trânsito de partículas provenientes do volumoso e concentrado em vacas recebendo dietas com diferentes fontes lipídicas, a correlação desses parâmetros com o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN), porcentagem de gordura no leite (G) e produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura (PLC), bem como avaliar a dinâmica de degradação in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro das dietas (FDN). Foram utilizadas cinco vacas primíparas em lactação da raça Holandesa, as quais apresentavam 99±22 dias de lactação, 480,4±2,8 kg de peso corporal e produção de leite diária de 20,14±2,23 kg. Os tratamentos foram constituídos a partir da adição de diferentes fontes lipídicas às dietas: 1- controle (sem adição de fonte lipídica); 2- grão de soja moído; 3- caroço de algodão; 4- óleo de soja; e 5- sais de cálcio (Megalac-E®). Não foram verificadas diferenças (P>0,05) entre tratamentos no tocante à passagem ruminal de sólidos na fração volumosa nem na fração concentrada. Observou-se estimativa média global para os parâmetros de taxa de passagem (γ) de 0,038 e 0,055 h-1 para volumoso (cromo) e concentrado (lantânio), respectivamente. Os tempos de trânsito no rúmen-retículo (TMRR) também não diferiram entre dietas, apresentando valor médio de 52,84 e 38,15 horas para volumoso e concentrado, respectivamente. O único efeito significativo do que diz respeito à taxa de passagem foi uma alta correlação negativa entre a taxa de passagem do concentrado (γLA) e O CMS. Não houve diferença para todas as outras correlações avaliadas. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN (FDNpd). A fração efetivamente degradada (FEDT) também não foi significativamente diferente entre os tratamentos. Verificou-se menor fração indegradável da FDN (I) nos tratamentos sem adição lipídica e com sais de cálcio (38,47 e 36,61%, respectivamente) em relação aos demais tratamentos. A suplementação da dieta com fontes lipídicas na forma livre, inerte, ou parcialmente protegida, ao nível de aproximadamente 5% da matéria seca, não alteram os parâmetros de cinética de trânsito de partículas do volumoso e do concentrado e a degradação in vitro da FDN.This study was carried out to evaluate the behavior of the fiber in the digestive tract through the kinetics of passage of particles from the forage and concentrate in cows fed diets with different lipid sources, the correlation of these parameters on the dry matter intake (DMI) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFI), percentage of fat in milk (G) and corrected milk yield for 3,5% fat (CMY), as well as evaluate the in vitro degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the diets. Five Holstein lactating primiparous cows, which had 99 ± 22 days of lactation, 480.4 ± 2.8 kg body weight and daily milk production of 20.14 ± 2.23 kg. The treatments were constituted from the addition of different lipid sources in diets: 1- Control (without added fat source) 2- ground soybean, 3- cottonseed; 4- soybean oil and 5- calcium salts (Megalac-E ®). No significant differences (P> 0.05) between treatments regarding to the passage of solids in the rumen neither in the stover nor concentrated fraction. Global mean estimate for the parameters of passage rate (γ) was 0.038 and 0.055 h-1 for forage (chromium) and concentrate (lanthanum), respectively. Despite numerical differences, the residence times in the rumen-reticulum (TMRR) did not differ between diets, showing an average value of 52.84 and 38.15 hours to forage and concentrate, respectively. The only significant effect with respect to the passage rate was a high negative correlation between the rate of passage of concentrate (γLA) and DMI. There was no difference for all other correlations tested. There were no significant differences of the potentially degradable NDF (pdNDF). The effective degraded fraction (FEDT) was not significantly different between treatments. There was less undegradable NDF (I) in treatments without added lipid and calcium salts (38.47 and 36.61%, respectively) compared to other treatments. Dietary supplementation with lipid sources on their own, inert, or partially protected, at about 5% of dry matter, does not alter the kinetic parameters of passage of particles of roughage and concentrate and the in vitro NDF degradation.Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerai

Fontes de ácidos graxos insaturados na alimentação de vacas leiteiras no período seco

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sources of unsaturated fatty acids to dairy cows in the dry period on the ruminal dynamic and biohydrogenation and intestinal flow of fatty acids. Eight Holstein dry cows cannulated in the rumen and abomasum (614 ± 59 kg of body weight; mean ± SD), were assigned randomly in two contemporary and balanced 4 x 4 Latin squares, fed the following diets: 1) control (C) diet based on corn and soybean meal; 2) refined soybean oil (SO) with addition of 3.0% on total DM 3) Whole soybean raw (WS), with the inclusion of 16.0% on total DM; and 4) calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CS), with the inclusion of 3.2% on total DM. The DM, OM, CP, NDF and TDN intakes did not differ (P> 0.05) between treatments. Diets with fat sources had higher intake of EE (0.72 vs 0.30 kg/day) and lower intake of NFC (3.91 vs 4.40 kg/day) when compared to control. The digestibilities of DM, OM and NDF were higher (P 0,05) entre tratamentos. Dietas com fontes lipídicas tiveram maior consumo de EE (0,72 vs 0,30 kg/dia) e menor consumo de CNF (3,91 vs 4,40 kg/dia) quando comparadas ao controle. As digestibilidades da MS, MO E FDN foram maiores (P<0,05) no tratamento controle em relação aos tratamentos com adição lipídica. Já em relação ao EE, a digestibilidade da dieta C foi menor (P<0,001) que nos demais tratamentos (84,88% vs 86,93%) . A concentração de N-NH3 foi maior (P<0,05) para os animais que receberam a dieta C em relação às dietas com inclusão de lipídios (20,39 vs 17,49 mg/dL). A dieta C apresentou as menores concentrações de propionato (P=0,001) em relação às fontes lipídicas. Já a dieta OS apresentou maiores concentrações de propionato (P<0,05) em relação às dietas GS e SC. A relação acetato:propionato (C2/C3) foi maior (P<0,05) na dieta controle (4,13) do que nas dietas com suplementação (3,81). A síntese de proteína microbiana e os balanços de energia e nitrogênio não foram influenciados pelas dietas experimentais. Animais que receberam dietas com suplementação lipídica apresentaram maiores valores de colesterol total e ..

Níveis de concentrado na dieta de bezerros

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de concentrado para bezerros em crescimento. Foram utilizados quatro bezerros mestiços, Holandês × Zebu, com idade média de 7 meses e 155 kg de peso vivo, distribuídos em quadrado latino (4×4). Os animais foram alimentados à vontade, na forma de dieta completa contendo os níveis de 20, 40, 60 e 80% de concentrado, com base na matéria seca (MS). As dietas foram compostas de feno de Cynodon dactylon, fubá de milho, farelo de soja e mistura mineral e foram isoprotéicas (15,4%). Os consumos de MS, matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos totais (CT) apresentaram comportamento linear e os consumos de proteína bruta (PB) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), comportamento quadrático, em kg/dia. Quando calculados em %PV, os consumos de MO, PB, EE e NDT apresentaram comportamento quadrático, enquanto os de MS, FDN e CT tiveram comportamento linear. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente total da MS e PB foram influenciados de forma quadrática pelos níveis de concentrado, enquanto os de MO, EE, FDN e CT tiveram comportamento linear. Não foi observado efeito dos níveis de concentrado sobre a concentração média de nitrogênio amoniacal em cada tempo de análise. Entretanto, para pH, observou-se influência dos níveis nos tempos analisados. Os níveis de concentrado não influenciaram a concentração média de glicose sérica, mas tiveram efeito linear negativo sobre o nitrogênio uréico sérico (NUS) em cada tempo pós-prandial. Pode-se incluir até 60% de concentrado na dieta de bezerros, entretanto níveis maiores podem comprometer a utilização do volumoso.The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of concentrate for growing calves. Four Holstein × Brahman crossbred calves with average age of 7 months and 155 kg of body weight were used, distributed into one Latin square design (4 × 4). The animals were fed ad libtum in the form of complete diet containing levels of 20, 40, 60 and 80% of concentrate on the dry matter basis (DM). The diets were composed of Cynodon dactylon hay, corn, soybean meal and mineral mixture, and were isoprotein (15.4%). The DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total carbohydrate (TC) consumption showed linear response; and crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), quadratic response; expressed in kg/day. When expressed in %BW, the OM, CP, EE and TDN consumption presented quadratic behavior; as DM, NDF and TC showed linear behavior. The apparent total digestibility DM and CP coefficients were quadratic influenced by the levels of concentrate, while OM, EE, NDF and TC showed linear behavior. No effect was observed for the average concentration of ammoniac nitrogen, depending on the levels of concentrate, for each time of analysis. However, for pH, there was influence of the levels for the times analyzed. Likewise, no effect was observed for the average concentration of serum glucose, however, for urea nitrogen serum (UNS), a linear negative effect was observed, depending on the levels for each post-feeding time. Therefore, up to 60% of concentrate could be included in the diet of calves; however higher levels can affect the use of bulky

Influence of intraruminal infusion of propionic acid and forage to concentrate levels on intake, digestibility and rumen characteristics in young bulls

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intraruminal infusion of propionic acid (RPA) associated to two (80:20 and 60:40) forage:concentrate ratios (FCR), for young bulls. Four Holstein &#215; Zebu crossbred young bulls with average age of 7 months and 160 kg of body weight (BW) were distributed to a 4 &#215; 4 Latin square design. A total mixed ration, isonitrogenous diets, was ad libitum fed to animals. The propionic acid was obtained by fermentation of reconstituted milk whey by the consortium of bacteria Enterococcus sp. and Veillonella sp.. Daily and along with the supply of solid feeds, 2 L of the compound containing propionic acid were intrainfused in the rumen. There was no RPA &#215; FCR interaction for the intake of nutrients, except for total digestible nutrients (TDN). The organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and TDN intakes were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA &#215; FCR interaction on the total digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and TC. However, the digestibility of DM, OM, EE and CT were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA &#215; FCR interaction for the mean N-NH3 concentration and pH of the rumen fluid; however, RPA provided effect on the pH measured 4 hours after meal. There was no interaction or effect of the main factors on volatile fatty acids concentrations in the rumen fluid, or on glucose levels and serum urea nitrogen

Influence of lipid supplementation on milk components and fatty acid profile

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different lipid sources in diets for lactating cows on milk yield and composition, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and fatty acid profile in the milk fat. Five primiparous Holstein cows were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Treatments were: control (no lipid addition) and four other diets containing different lipids sources - ground raw soybean, cottonseed, soybean oil, and calcium salts of soybean fatty acids (CSSFA). The greater milk yield (kg/day) and milk lactose (g/kg) and solids non-fat (g/kg) contents were obtained with the animals fed diets with CSSFA. Regarding the fatty acid profile in the milk fat, the diets with CSSFA and ground raw soybeans produced the greatest concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and C182. Supplementation with CSSFA provided a greater production (g/day) of CLA, resulting in almost twice the values shown by the other treatments. The use of different lipid sources does not affect the milk total solids (protein, fat, and lactose) and CSSFA has a positive influence on the fatty acid profile of the milk fat and amount of CLA produced. Additionally, milk yield is not affected by this supplement

Effect of organic sources of minerals on fat-corrected milk yield of dairy cows in confinement

This study evaluated the effects of organic and inorganic sources of minerals in diets for mid-lactation dairy cows on milk yield and composition, intake and total apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, blood parameters, microbial protein synthesis, and energy and protein balances. Twenty Holstein cows averaging 146.83 +/- 67.34 days in milk and weighing 625.30 +/- 80.37 kg were used. The experimental design was a crossover. Diets were composed of corn silage (50%), ground grain corn, and soybean meal, differing with regard to the sources of trace minerals, plus an organic and inorganic mix. The organic mineral source increased milk fat and fat-corrected milk yield without changing milk yield, intake, or total apparent digestibility. Blood parameters, microbial protein synthesis, and energy and protein balances were not affected by the sources of minerals. Organic sources of minerals improve milk fat yield without affecting other parameters