Penalización del maltrato animal en Colombia

Artículo de investigaciónUn gran paso para la penalización del maltrato animal fue la expedición de la Ley 1774 de 2016, que estableció la protección penal de la vida e integridad fisica y emocional de los animales, con base en dos presupuestos: primero, la eliminación de la consideración de los animales como ‘cosas’ para reconocerlos como ‘seres sintientes’; y segundo, la tipificación del Maltrato Animal (muerte o lesiones graves) como delito.Introducción 1. Evolución de la protección de los animales 2. Derecho Penal colombiano en los delitos contra los animales. 3. Estudio de la Ley 1774 de 2016 4. Primeros casos de investigaciones penales por maltrato animal Conclusiones Referencias bibliográficasPregradoAbogad

Plant circadian clock control of Medicago truncatula nodulation via regulation of Nodule Cysteine-Rich peptides

Legumes house nitrogen-fixing endosymbiotic rhizobia in specialized polyploid cells within root nodules, which undergo tightly regulated metabolic activity. By carrying out expression analysis of transcripts over time in Medicago truncatula nodules we found that the circadian clock enables coordinated control of metabolic and regulatory processes linked to nitrogen fixation. This involves the circadian clock-associated transcriptional factor LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY), with lhy mutants being affected in nodulation. Rhythmic transcripts in root nodules include a subset of Nodule-specific Cysteine Rich peptides (NCRs) that have the LHY-bound conserved Evening Element in their promoters. Until now, studies have suggested that NCRs act to regulate bacteroid differentiation and keep the rhizobial population in check. However, these conclusions came from the study of a few members of this very large gene family that has complex diversified spatio-temporal expression. We suggest that rhythmic expression of NCRs may be important for temporal coordination of bacterial activity with the rhythms of the plant host, in order to ensure optimal symbiosis

The use of electronic collars for training domestic dogs: estimated prevalence, reasons and risk factors for use, and owner perceived success as compared to other training methods

Abstract Background The use of electronic training devices for dog training is controversial. The aims of this study were to give an indication of the extent to which dog owners use these devices in England, identify factors associated with their use, and compare owner report of outcomes. A convenience sample of dog owners in England was used to identify numbers using electronic training devices and identify reasons for use. Factors associated with use of remote e-collars only were determined by comparing dogs trained using these devices with two control populations matched for reason of use (recall / chasing problems). Comparison groups were: those using other ‘negative reinforcement / positive punishment’ training techniques, and those using ‘positive reinforcement / negative punishment’ based methods. A multinominal logistic regression model was used to compare factors between categories of training method. Owner reported success for use was compared using chi-squared analysis. Results For England only, 3.3% (n = 133) owners reported using remote activated e-collars, 1.4% (n = 54) reported use of bark activated e-collars, and 0.9% (n = 36) reported using electronic boundary fences. In comparison with the e-collar group, owners using reward based training methods for recall / chasing were 2.8 times more likely to be female and 2.7 times less likely to have attended agility training. Owners using other aversive methods for recall / chasing were 2.8 times more likely to have attended puppy classes than those using e-collars. However, the model only explained 10% variance between groups. A significantly higher proportion of owners in the reward group reported training success than those in the e-collar group. Conclusions In conclusion, a fairly low proportion of owners select to use electronic training devices. For a population matched by reason for training method use, characteristics of dogs, including occurrence of undesired behaviours do not appear to distinguish between training methods. Rather, owner gender and attendance at training classes appear more important, although explaining a relatively small amount of variance between groups. More owners using reward based methods for recall / chasing report a successful outcome of training than those using e-collars.</p

Neonatal Birthweight, Infant Feeding, and Childhood Metabolic Markers

OBJECTIVE: Antenatal and early neonatal nutritional environment may influence later metabolic health. Infants of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have higher risk for childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Leptin and adiponectin are known biomarkers for MetS and may guide interventions to reduce later obesity. We sought to examine the relationship between birthweight, early infancy feeding practices, and biomarkers for MetS in offspring of women with mild GDM. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a prospective observational follow-up study on the offspring of women who participated in a multicenter randomized treatment trial on mild GDM. Children were evaluated by research coordinators and biospecimens collected at the age of 5 to 10. Plasma concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were compared between large for gestational age (LGA) and average birthweight (AGA) infants, and according to whether solid foods were introduced early (\u3c6 months of age) or at the recommended age (≥6 months of age). Multivariable analysis adjusted for fetal sex, race/ethnicity, and maternal body mass index. RESULTS: Leptin and adiponectin were measured in 336 plasma samples. In bivariate analysis, compared with AGA children, LGA children had lower leptin (5.0 ng/mL [3.6-6.0] vs. 5.8 ng/mL [4.5 = 6.6],  = 0.01) and similar adiponectin (6.3 µg/mL [5.1-7.9] vs. 6.4 µg/mL [5.3-8.6],  = 0.49) concentrations. Maternal/child characteristics were similar between the early/delayed solid feeding groups. Leptin and adiponectin concentrations were similar in the early fed and delayed feeding groups (5.8 ng/mL [4.6-6.7] vs. 5.6 ng/mL [4.2-6.6],  = 0.50 and 6.4 µg/mL [5.4-8.1] vs. 6.4 µg/mL [5.1-8.8],  = 0.85, respectively). After controlling for covariates, children who were LGA and AGA at birth had similar leptin concentrations. CONCLUSION: Birthweight and early infancy feeding practice are not associated with alterations in leptin and adiponectin in children of women with mild GDM. KEY POINTS: · Adipocytokines are markers of metabolic status.. · Children of women with mild GDM may be at risk for MetS.. · Biomarkers similar in LGA and AGA groups.. · Biomarkers similar in early and delayed solid-fed groups.. · Nonhuman milk does not modify effect of feeding practice.

Building Career Paths for Ph.D., Basic and Translational Scientists in Clinical Departments in the United States: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report.

Rationale: To identify barriers and opportunities for Ph.D., basic and translational scientists to be fully integrated into clinical units. Objectives: In 2022, an ad hoc committee of the American Thoracic Society developed a project proposal and workshop to identify opportunities and barriers for scientists who do not practice medicine to develop successful careers and achieve tenure-track faculty positions in clinical departments and divisions within academic medical centers (AMCs) in the United States. Methods: This document focuses on results from a survey of adult and pediatric pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine division chiefs as well as a survey of workshop participants, including faculty in departmental and school leadership roles in both basic science and clinical units within U.S. AMCs. Results: We conclude that full integration of non-clinically practicing basic and translational scientists into the clinical units, in addition to their traditional placements in basic science units, best serves the tripartite mission of AMCs to provide care, perform research, and educate the next generation. Evidence suggests clinical units do employ Ph.D. scientists in large numbers, but these faculty are often hired into non-tenure track positions, which do not provide the salary support, start-up funds, research independence, or space often associated with hiring in basic science units within the same institution. These barriers to success of Ph.D. faculty in clinical units are largely financial. Conclusions: Our recommendation is for AMCs to consider and explore some of our proposed strategies to accomplish the goal of integrating basic and translational scientists into clinical units in a meaningful way