Appendix C. Experiment addressing the physical impact of invertebrate exclusion devices on dung weight loss.

Experiment addressing the physical impact of invertebrate exclusion devices on dung weight loss

Appendix A. Detailed description of the project, including additional information on the study design and success rate, a budget estimate for the project as implemented by citizen scientists vs. professional biologists, and the identification of nonmonetary benefits of using citizen scientists.

Detailed description of the project, including additional information on the study design and success rate, a budget estimate for the project as implemented by citizen scientists vs. professional biologists, and the identification of nonmonetary benefits of using citizen scientists

Appendix B. Additional analyses of community structure vs. functional rates.

Additional analyses of community structure vs. functional rates

Host and parasitoid taxa encountered in rearings from the Zackenberg Valley.

<p>Trophic levels separate hosts (trophic level 2) from parasitoids (trophic level 3) and hyperparasitoids (trophic level 4). Taxon-specific numbers in column “Code” identify taxa in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone-0067367-g002" target="_blank">Figs. 2</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone-0067367-g004" target="_blank">4</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone-0067367-g005" target="_blank">5</a>.</p>a<p>As the larval characters of <i>Boloria chariclea</i> (Schneider, 1794) and <i>Boloria polaris</i> (Boisduval, 1828) are unknown, they have been combined as <i>Boloria</i> spp.</p>b<p>The identity of <i>Entephria</i> taxa occurring at Zackenberg is currently being clarified by rearing and DNA sequencing techniques<b>.</b></p

Mortality rates on<i>Sympistis nigrita</i> as incurred by different predator guilds.

<p>During the 25 days that the species spends as a larva, we estimate that 38% will be eaten by spiders, 8% will be eaten by birds and 15% will be parasitized, leaving 46% to successfully pupate. The fact that a fraction of larvae carrying parasitoids will actually be consumed by either birds or spiders (cross-hatched sections within respective fractions) yields scope for indirect interactions among predator guilds.</p

Host plants used by the Lepidoptera of the Zackenberg Valley, Northeast Greenland.

<p>A) field records of host plant use (only larvae found actively feeding are included here); B) acceptance of host plants in laboratory rearings conducted at Zackenberg; C) acceptance of host plants in laboratory rearings conducted in Helsinki, as based on locally available species (congeneric with their High-Arctic counterparts). Panel A) is based on observations from 2009–2012; panels B) and C) on data from 2009–2010. Arabic numerals refer to species as given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone-0067367-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. [Footnote:] <i>Gynaephora groenlandica</i> here offers a special case as, contrary to other species, the larvae spend most of their time basking, not feeding <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone.0067367-Kukal1" target="_blank">[101]</a>. Hence, we have obtained very few records of host plant selection in the field. In the laboratory, the larvae (<i>n</i>_total = 95) were only fed <i>Salix</i>, thereby contributing no information.</p

Quantitative herbivore overlap diagram showing the amount of herbivores shared between plant species.

<p>Plants are represented by discs, the size of which shows the total amount of herbivores using the respective species (as collected while feeding on it). The width of each vertex represents the amount of herbivores shared between one plant and another (i.e. the probability that a herbivore feeding on plant species <i>i</i> itself fed as a larva on species <i>j</i>).</p

Quantitative host-parasitoid food web of Lepidoptera and their parasitoids of the Zackenberg Valley.

<p>Each bar at the lower level represents a host species and each bar at the upper level a parasitoid species. Hyperparasitoids have been offset to a higher level. Inside the host bars, the black part indicates parasitized host individuals and the grey part unparasitized ones. Lines between hosts and parasitoids describe trophic interactions, with the width of the line proportional to the frequency of the interaction. For each bar, its width represents the relative abundance of the respective taxon, with parasitoids scaled as 6.1× hosts. For more details on specific parasitoid taxa, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone.0067367-Vrkonyi1" target="_blank">[66]</a>. Arabic numerals refer to species as given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067367#pone-0067367-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Brazilian_efficiency

This file offers the data behind Fig. 3A of Lähteenmäki et al., estimating the efficiency of the Brazilian MESOCLOSURES in preventing the inflow of beetles as a function of MESOCLOSURE size. Included are counts of beetles caught by identical traps in two settings: traps within the MESOCLOSURES and traps outside the MESOCLOSURES. The specific columns are the following: Time: day of experiment (with individual trapping periods extending over 24 hours) Size: the dimension of the MESOCLOSURE (given as the length of MESOCLOSURE side, in metres) Replicate: the identity of the replicate cage Total: the summed number of beetles caught inside and outside of the MESOCLOSURE Inside: the number of beetles caught inside of the MESOCLOSUR

Soil temperatures

This file offers data on soil temperature, as recorded in each of four subplots on 27th July and reported verbally in the Results. The specific columns are the following: Replicate: the identity of the replicate MESOCLOSURE Enclosure type: treatment applied at the MESOCLOSURE level (for an in-depth description of treatment types, see main paper) Grass height: simulated grazing regime, with L identifying long grass and S identifying short grass Temperature: temperature recorded, in °C, with missing data indicated by an empty cel